ANIMAL FORM AN INDEX OF QUALITIES. 369 



be noticed comparatively when they differ materially 

 from the typical form under consideration. 



The " points " or parts of the animal that require 

 attention are marked on the outline figure of a Short- 

 Horn cow (Fig. 7) : A, forehead ; J5, face ; C, cheek ; 

 D, muzzle ; E, neck ; F> neck-vein ; G, shoulder- 

 point ; H) arm ; /, shank ; K, elbow ; ., brisket ; M, 

 shoulder-blade ; W^ crops ; O, chine ; P, loin ; Q, 

 hips ; JR, rump ; &, sacrum or crupper-bone ; jT, but- 

 tock; U, thigh or gaskin; F~, flank; W, plates; JT, 

 hock ; Y, throat ; Z, fore-flank ; qr, quarter ; wh, pa- 

 tella or whirlbone. 1 



The head should be small in proportion to the 

 body ; the frontal bone broad, without coarseness ; the 

 forehead slightly concave from the prominence of the 

 rim of the orbits; and the face gradually tapering 

 from the eyes to the muzzle, which should be fine, 

 with a well-developed nostril, which indicates an am- 

 ple development of the air-passages. 



The jaw should be clean and free from folds of 



1 As the terms chine and whirlbone are often improperly used to 

 indicate other parts of the body, it may be well to define them more 

 particularly. Chine, in its general signification, means back ; but it 

 has long been used by breeders to indicate that part of the back be- 

 tween the neck and the loins. The back is therefore divided into three 

 regions, viz., the chine, the loins, and the region of the sacrum or crup- 

 per-bone. The upper end of the femur has sometimes been called the 

 whirl or round bone. (See Youatt on " The Horse," p. 262.) The 

 terms whirlbone, turlbone, round-bone, knee-pan, knee-cap, and stifle- 

 bone are, however, properly synonymous with patella, the bone devel- 

 oped in the tendon covering the knee-joint, or the articulation of the 

 lower end of the femur with the head of the tibia, as marked in Fig. 7. 

 (See Webster's, Worcester's, and Ainsworth's Dictionaries, and Wright's 

 "Provincial Dictionary," vol. ii., p. 1019.) 



