ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 93 



with silken threads, and then lines the enclosure with fine 

 white silk. 



Within this curled leaf the caterpillar changes to a brown 

 chrysalis, about three-tenths of an inch long. Some of the 

 segments of the body are furnished with minute spines, and 

 the posterior extremity with two hooks, bent downwards, 

 with which the pupa works itself half-way out of the enclo- 

 sure before the moth escapes. 



The moth is about one-third of an inch long, and measures, 

 when its wings are spread, half an inch or more across. Its 

 head, thorax, and fore wings are of a bright-orange color, 

 the hind wings, body, and legs whitish, with a silken lustre. 

 The first moths appear early in the season, in time to deposit 

 their eggs on the young foliage as it bursts the buds; the 

 second brood appear during the latter half of July. 



This insect sometimes occurs in great numbers, destroying 

 the leaves of apple-trees, particularly young trees, giving them 

 the appearance of being scorched by fire. When it becomes 

 necessary to destroy them, the remedies mentioned under No. 

 35 should be promptly applied. 



No. 37. The Leaf-crumpler, 



Phycis indigenella (Zeller). 



The fruit-grower will frequently find, on examining his 

 apple-trees in winter, clusters of curious little cases, partly 

 hidden by portions of crumpled and withered leaves. The 

 cases (Fig. 92, a, b) resemble long miniature horns, wide at 

 one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted 

 in a very odd manner. The withered leaves are firmly 

 fastened to the cases and to the twig by silken threads, and 

 the case itself, which is attached to the bark of the twig on 

 which it is placed, is curiously constructed of silk inter- 

 woven with the dried castings of the artificer. The inner 

 surface of the case is whitish and smooth, the exterior rougher 

 and of a yellowish-brown color. 



These odd little cases are the work of the larvae of the 



