ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 101 



the leaf with loose silky threads, attached to which will be 

 found a number of small black grains of excrementitious 

 matter, and under this rough covering the larva feeds. It 

 sometimes feeds singly and sometimes in groups ; in the 

 latter case a number of the leaves are drawn together, and 

 the caterpillars live and feed within this shelter. 



The chrysalis is usually formed among the leaves in a 

 very slight cocoon, and is about a quarter of an inch long 

 and of a pale-brown color. The winter is passed in the 

 chrysalis state, and the moths appear during May or June 

 following. 



When its wings are spread, the moth measures nearly half 

 an inch across; it is of a deep purplish-gray color, with a 

 glossy surface, and has two silvery-gray bands across the 

 wings, as shown in the figure, at d, where it is magnified ; the 

 cross-lines below the figure indicate the natural size. 



Remedies. This pest may be subdued by hand-picking if 

 begun in good season. It is preyed on by two species of 

 small Ichneumon flies, and by several carnivorous insects. 



No. 43. The Many-dotted Apple-worm. 



Nolaphana malana (Fitch). 



In June, and again in August or September, there is some- 

 times found on apple-leaves, in considerable numbers, a rather 

 thick, cylindrical, light-green larva, an inch or more in length, 

 with five white longitudinal lines and numerous whitish dots. 

 These are the larvae of Nolaphana malana. They eat irregular 

 notches in the margins and holes in the middle of the leaves, 

 and do not feed in groups, but are solitary in their habits, 

 scattered among the foliage. They begin to appear about 

 the last of May, and live openly exposed on the under side 

 of the leaves, without forming any web or fold in the leaf 

 for protection. On reaching maturity, which for the early 

 brood is about the last of June, the larva selects a leaf and 

 draws together a portion of it with silken threads, forming a 

 hollow tube, within which it spins a slight silky cocoon and 



