ATTACKING THE CANES. 319 



reddish, and the breath ing- pores and an oval spot on each 

 side behind the head of the same color. The insect usually 

 remains in the larval state during the greater part of the 

 winter, then changes to a pupa (d, Fig. 333), the perfect 

 insect appearing in spring. The fly is about one-twelfth of 

 an inch long, black, with transparent wings and red feet and 

 antennae. 



These gall-makers are attacked by parasitic insects, and are 

 also devoured by birds. 



No. 187. The Seed-like Gall of the Blackberry. 



This is a singular gall, about one-tenth of an inch in 

 diameter, which sometimes occurs in clusters around the canes 

 of the blackberry, covering them with a belt of these seed- 

 like bodies to the depth of an inch or an inch and a half. 

 They are round, of a reddish color, and from many of them 

 arise more or less strong spines, and when cut into, unless 

 they have already been emptied by birds, each one will be 

 found to contain a single larva or pupa. These galls are 

 also caused by a small, four-winged fly closely related to that 

 of the pithy gall, and known as Diastrophus cuscutaeformis 

 Osten Sacken. It is of a dark-brown or black color, with 

 red feet and antennae. 



No. 188. The Blackberry Bark-louse. 



Lecanium ? 



An undetermined species of Lecanium is sometimes found 

 on the canes of the blackberry. This louse is of an irreg- 

 ular hemispherical form, about one-fourth of an inch in 

 diameter, and of a shining mahogany color. It appears in 

 groups or masses attached to the canes, and each one, when 

 lifted, is found to cover a large number of pale-pinkish eggs. 

 This is very similar to the grape-vine bark-louse, No. 126, 

 and may be treated in the same manner. 



