70 



Insect Pests. 



two other kinds of larvae occur in apple, one abundantly in this 

 country, namely, the Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea), and the 

 other the Apple Fruit Fly (Trypeta, pomonella, Walsh), which occurs 

 in America. The former has more legs than the Codling Maggot ; 

 the latter has none. 



The small Tineid Moth (Argyresthid conjugdla, Zeller) also 

 attacks apples in Europe (vide Bevetning om Skadeinsekter og 

 Plantesygdomme i Land-og Havebruget, 1905. By W. M. Schoyen, 

 pp. 22-23, 1906, Kristiania). 



The damage the Codling Maggot causes is often very serious. 

 Frequently the crop has been almost ruined, especially in the cider- 

 growing districts of the western counties. Our choicest dessert 

 apples suffer just as much as the cooking and coarser kinds. 



Years ago it seems to have been well 

 known, for in an old Dutch book published in 

 1645 (1) we find an account of it and also a 

 figure. Cato wrote on "Wormy Apples" in 

 his treatise on Agriculture, written nearly 

 200 years B.C. Year by year it has become 

 better known, and year by year it has spread 

 further and further afield, until we now get 

 the Codling Moth in nearly all parts of the 

 world where apples are grown. 



If we go to the market and examine 

 American, Canadian, Portuguese or Madeira 

 apples, we find them often badly damaged, 

 and also numbers of the live maggots in the 

 barrels, etc., they come over in. In this way 

 they have been spread from country to country. 



The Codling Moth has several relatives, all of which live in seeds or 

 fruit, one we find in the sweet chestnut (Carpocapsa splendidana), 

 another in beech nuts (Carpocapsa grossana), another in euphorbia 

 seeds, the so-called "jumping beans," the movements of the caterpillar 

 within the seed causing the seeds to jump into the air. 



The appearance of the infested apples is too well known to need 

 description here, but is depicted in the photograph (Fig. 68). 



OF THE CnW.INi; JIi.iTH. 



LlFE-HlSTOKY AND HABITS. 



The difficulty in observing insects laying their eggs is always 

 great, and amongst those which fly at twilight and at night almost 

 impossible, at least in their natural state. We shall have to watch 



