Insects Injurious to the Apple. 



147 



July to September is said to be the period over which the winged 

 race may occur. On only one occasion have I been able to find the 

 winged form, nor have I ever succeeded in obtaining it artificially. 

 M r. Fred Smith of Loddington tells me it sometimes occurs in the 

 orchards around Maidstone. The winged viviparous female is dusky 

 chocolate-brown with typical Schizoneura venation to the wings. 



These females fly from one tree to another, and possibly from 

 orchard to orchard. There are no data to sho\v or even give us any 

 idea how far they may traval. 



The winged females produce living young or lice similar to those 



which form the progeny of the 



" mother-queens," and these go 

 on reproducing until late autumn, 

 and I have even known successive 

 broods continue right through the 

 winter. 



On the approach of autumn, 

 a few males and oviparous females 

 are present. As far as observa- 

 tions carried on over the past 

 twenty years go, I can only say 

 this sexual brood is extremely 

 rare in this country. Twice in 

 twelve years it has occurred on 

 one tree constantly kept under 

 observation. 



It must not be ignored, how- 

 ever, as the wintering in the egg 

 stage is of economic importance. 



The wingless oviparous female 

 is very small, and may \vell escape 

 observation. In colour she is 



dull reddish-yellow, in size no less than '003 inch. The wingless 

 male is, like the oviparous female, quite destitute of a mouth. 



This sexual female deposits a single egg and dies, her dead body 

 forming a protection or covering to the shiny dark egg during the 

 winter. From observations so far made, the egg stage takes place 

 close to the base of the tree, always, however, above ground level. 



These ova remain frequently hidden in the crevices of the bark 

 all the winter, and in spring they produce a larva (Fig. 124) which 

 soon matures into the " mother-queen " form, and which sets to work 

 at a great rate to produce viviparous young. 



L 2 



[W. //. Hammond. 



FIG. 121. PIECE OF WILD CRAB APPLE 

 ATTACKED BY WOOLLY APHIS. 



