38 S Insect Pests. 



TREATMENT. 



This consists of spraying in winter with paraffin emulsion, caustic 

 alkali or "\Voburn washes. But if a tree is badly infested, it is really 

 best to cut it down and burn it. Any young stock showing signs of 

 this scale should be fumigated in winter, before being planted, with 

 hydrocyanic acid gas. Smearing the stems with clay and lime or 

 clay and cow-dung is found to kill this scale. 



REFERENCES. 



<1) Theobald, F. V. Report on the Orchard Fruit Plantations of Worcester- 

 shire. (Worcestershire Education Committee), p. 15 (1906). 



(2) Theobald, F. V. Report on Economic Zoology for the year ending 



April 1st, 1907, pp. 72-74 (1907). 



(3) Newstead, J?. ' A Monograph of British Coccidte,' vol. I., p. 99 (1901). 



PLUM AND APPLE LEAF HOPPERS. 

 (TyphlocyMdce.) 



During the summer and autumn of 1906 a number of com- 

 munications from various parts of Britain were received concerning 

 the damage done and the annoyance caused by the so-called " leaf 

 hoppers." Most orchard trees are attacked, and to some extent 

 bush fruit. 



The leaf hoppers in all cases reported and observed proved to 

 belong to three species of the Homopterous family TyplilocyMdcc, 

 namely, Typhlocyba qnercus, Fabricius, Chlorita flavcsccns, Fabricius, 

 and C. viridnla, Fallen. 



Specimens of the two last were kindly examined for me by 

 Mr. Distant and I gather from his remarks that he is not satisfied 

 with their true specific distinction. 



As no reference can be found to any of these insects in the 

 literature on Economic Entomology in this country, the following 

 notes on their life-history, the damage caused by them, and the 

 means of holding them in check, is given somewhat fully, particularly 

 as the damage they have done has in some cases been very great. 

 Some bad attacks were also recorded from Kent and Sussex in 1907. 

 In other parts of Europe, and in America, there are many instances 

 of damage caused to crops and fruit by both of the genera of Typhlo- 

 c.ybida: that are mentioned here (3, 15, 21). 



Several growers I have consulted have noticed the damage caused 

 by these leaf hoppers on fruit for many years. 



