396 Insect Pests. 



When mature the parasite issues from the middle segments, 

 always dorsally, and falls to the ground and becomes a naked pupa 

 on the surface. 



Atcknura spuria is known usually as Chalarus zpurius (Chalar'us, 

 Walker, 1834, Atclcnura, Macquart, 1835). 



It is also found in America (Xew Jersey and New Hampshire) 

 (ride Cat. X. Ameri. Dip., p. 342. J. W. Aldrich, 1905) (1). 



Boheenaus also has found Pipuncula fuscipes, Fall., infesting 

 dead id a rircxccns, Fall. It is thus probable that Pipuncididce 

 generally are parasitic on the homopterous Cicadididcc, and the 

 I'roctotrupians of the family Dryinidcc and Aplidobidcc are parasitic 

 on Jassidce and TyphlocyHdca respectively.* 



PREVENTION AXD TREATMENT. 



The nymphs of these leaf hoppers may be destroyed by washing 

 with dilute paraffin emulsion, particularly when young. 



Of the various strengths experimented with, the following formula 

 was the lowest found successful, and thus adopted : 



Paraffin (White Rose) . . .3 galls. 

 Soft Soap (Chiswick) . . .10 Ibs. 

 Water 100 galls. 



This, if sprayed with a fine nozzle, was found to have no effect, 

 nor were any of the other formuhe used until such a quantity of 

 paraffin was employed as to do more harm than the hoppers. 



The success in destroying the nymphs lies in giving the trees a 

 good soaking. In America (15) they have found that 1 Ib. of whale 

 oil soap to 10 gallons of water enough to kill the nymphs of the 

 allied Typlilocyba rvmc*. With soft soap this was not sufficient. 



In all cases two washings were found necessary, partly on account 

 of fresh hatchings. The second should be done two weeks after the 

 first. 



The adult hoppers can also be destroyed by spraying ; they 

 must first be knocked off the trees by a plain, not strong, soft soap 

 wash, when they will be found, as Mr. Chambers describes, lying as 

 if dead on the ground ; they can then be further sprayed on the 

 ground with strong paraffin emulsion (25 per cent, paraffin). This 

 method, which is employed in America, was found to be completely 

 successful here. 



* Ferris found Drijinus jwdestris, Dalm., on Atliysanus maritinnis, Perris ; 

 Mik found Gonatopus pilosus, Thorns, on Deltocephalus xantlioneurus, 

 Fabricius. 



