PROPAGATING APPLE-TREES. 23 



gree, or apple-seeds will never germinate. Still another 

 condition essential to germination is warm air. Apple- 

 seeds, if buried too deep, where they are supplied with 

 moisture and heat, without air, will soon mould and decay. 

 Three things, then, must all combine harmoniously to pro- 

 mote germination, or an apple-tree can never be produced 

 from a seed. 



Propagation by Grafting. 



But when the smoother stem from knots is free, 



We make a deep incision in the tree; 



And in the solid wood the slip inclose, 



Where it unites and shoots again, and grows. VIBGIL. 



Grafting is the insertion of a cion in a living stock. 

 The philosophy of grafting consists in making a cleft, or 

 slit, in the end or side of the stock, and fitting one end of 

 the cion to the cleft so neatly that the pores between the 

 bark and the wood of the cion will correspond with the 

 similar pores in the stock. When cions are inserted in a 

 stock in this manner, they can scarcely fail to grow. It is 

 of little consequence how a cion is grafted, provided the 

 inside bark of both cion and stock coincide, so that the 

 flowing sap may readily pass from the stock into the cion. 

 But the cion and stock must be united with such precision 

 that the surface of one will fit the surface of the other, wa- 

 ter-tight. When a bad fit is made, the surface will soon 

 oxidize, and prevent 'all union. 



Modes of Grafting. The different modes of grafting are 

 alluded to as cleft grafting, whip grafting, American whip- 

 tongue grafting, splice grafting, shoulder or chink grafting, 

 crown grafting, saddle grafting, side grafting, dovetail-side 

 grafting, summer grafting, root grafting, stock grafting, 

 spur grafting, and grafting by approach, or inarching, 

 which is a curious way of attaching a portion of the cion 

 to the stock to which it is to be united, while another por- 

 tion still remains on the parent stem. Branches of two 



