150 THE APPLE CULTURIST. 



will move away from the tree, leaving it uninjured. If this 

 harrow had no other points of superior excellence, orchard- 

 ists would do well to keep one expressly for working among 

 fruit-trees. But it ha%been in us'e for so long a period, that 

 tillers of the soil are familiar with its great superiority for 

 all kinds of harrowing, and especially for harrowing in ce- 

 real grain. 



Cultivating Young Orchards. One of the most efficient 

 implements for this purpose is represented by Fig. 66, the 



Pig. 66. 



Nishwitz's disk scarifier. 



pulverizers of which consist of several sharp-edged circular 

 disks about one foot in diameter, being concave on one 

 side and convex on the other. When the wheels or disks 

 are cast, a round steel pin, about three fourths- of an inch in 

 diameter, is inserted in the mould, thus furnishing a steel 

 journal for each disk. A bolt, with a nut at the upper end, 

 is passed through a socket-standard, which holds the disks 

 in their position. When the scarifier is in use, the disks 

 are set at any desired angle to the line of draught, and each 

 disk thus pulverizes and turns over a narrow furrow-slice. 

 iPhe disks operate by cutting, lifting, and turning over a 

 few inches in depth of the entire surface of the land. 

 Wherever it has been thoroughly tested, this implement 

 has given excellent satisfaction as a scarifier, or as an imple- 

 ment for covering seed-grain. The wooden frame consists 



