GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POMOLOGY. 



321 



Fig. 141. 



som is a self-fertilizer. When the anthers on the ends of the stamens burst, some 

 of the pollen from them will he scattered on the stigmas of the pistils, the surfaces 

 of which are covered with a delicate adhesive liquid, which absorbs the pollen. 

 Were it not for this process, no fruit would be perfected. Were the stamens de- 

 stroyed before the anthers burst and scatter the pollen, every apple-tree and pear- 

 tree would be destitute of fruit. The anthers do not burst until after the flowers 

 are in full bloom. 



Buds. There are five or more distinct names given to different kinds of buds ; 

 namely, /oioer-buds, Ze/-buds, and /rm'-buds, which contain both the flower and 

 the fruit, the axillary buds, and terminal buds. Sometimes the flower-bud and the 

 fruit-bud are identical, as in the apple and some other kinds of fruit. Every person 

 who is permitted to have any thing to do with any kind of fruit-trees should be 

 taught the difference between leaf-buds and fruit-buds ; "and such persons should 

 have a lively understanding of the eminent practical importance of protecting 

 the fruit-buds when the fruit is being gathered. The buds that are formed this 

 year on apple-trees must produce the crop the next season. Adventitious Buds 

 are frequently spoken of. These are new buds put forth by the tree near the 

 stub-end of a branch that has been cut off". Such buds appear at the ends of roots 

 that have been mutilated and cut off smoothly. All the buds of a branch do not 

 expand every year, especially if the growing tree does not stand in rich soil. A 

 portion of the buds often remain nearly dormant, so that if those on each side of 

 them should be destroyed, those comparatively dormant will expand. When it 

 is desirable to have buds developed early in the summer for the purpose of inoc- 

 ulation, let the 

 terminal bud be 

 pinched back 

 as often as it 

 starts. By this 

 means the side 

 buds will be 

 fully developed 

 in the former 

 part of the 

 growing sea- 

 son ; where- 

 as, were the 

 branches per- 

 mitted to in- 

 crease in length, 

 the side buds 

 would scarcely 

 be developed at 

 the end of the 

 year. Branch- 

 es of some kinds of apple-trees are often inclined to grow long and slender, hav- 

 ing very few small fruit-buds. By tying small ones in a large knfct, like Fig. 141, 

 fruit-buds will develop where the branch is bent. Other branches may be doubled 

 backward towards the middle of the tree-top, and tied in any desirable position 

 for the pufpose of promoting fruitfulness. 



Calyx, the most exterior integument in the very bottom of the basin of an ap- 

 ple. Some apples have a large, and others a small calyx. (See Apple.) 



Cambium, or Cambium-layer, is the name that has hitherto been given to the 

 descending sap which forms the mucilaginous annual deposit between the inner 

 bark of the apple-tree and the outer ring of wood. So long as this material is 

 liquid, semi-liquid, or plastic, it is called cambium. After it has solidified, even 

 while it remains soft, it is spoken of as the cambium-layer. The cambium not 



14* 



Promoting fructification by bending the branches. 



