322 



THE APPLE CULTUMIST. 



Fig. 142. 



only forma a new layer or ring of wood beneath the bark annually, but it renews 

 the inner surface of the bark also. The words cambium and alburnum are fre- 

 quently employed as if they were of the same signification. The two substances 

 are about as nearly alike as ice and water. 



Capsule, a dry, hollow seed-vessel, usually opening by regular valves and defi- 

 nite seams. It answers to the carpels of an apple. 

 Carnose, fleshy, more firm than pulpy. 



Carpels. The carpels of the apple and pear consist of the seed-receptacles at the 

 core, of which there are usually five, although botanists fix the number at two to 

 five. They also assert that the pear (Pyrus communis) has two to five carpels. 

 When thinning the fruit of some of our own trees, we cut a few green 

 pears into thin, transverse sections through the core, and found one 

 pear having six perfect carpels, each containing two seeds. 



Cavity, the depression of the centre of the stem-end of an apple, 

 opposite the basin. The epithets broad, narrow, deep, shallow, acute, 

 and acuminate are frequently employed in connection with the word 

 cavity when describing apples. 



Chrysalis, one of the forms of insects, like Fig. 142, from which 

 A chrysalis. tne y emerge with wings. It is more proper to speak of an insect 



in the pupa state, than to call it a chrysalis. 

 Cions, twigs, or shoots, signify portions of branches after one end has been fitted 

 for the cleft in the stock. Then it 

 also denotes the entire portion of 

 a branch of the preceding 

 eon's growth. Cions are also called 

 grafts, which can not properly be 

 called cions. Fig. 143 represents a 



cion with one end sloped off, so that the name of the variety may be written on 



it with a lead -pencil. Fig. 144 

 shows a bundle, as cions appear 

 very soon after they have been 

 cut from a tree. Such bundles 

 should be buried in moist sand 

 in a cellar, or in a sandy knoll, 

 during cold weather. Fig. 145 

 represents the manner of wrapping up a few cions with damp moss, in oiled pa- 

 per, when they are to be sent by mail. Fig 



Cleft, a division between parts less than /^-^^i -,=? -^g 

 half-way to the base ; also the crack that p V7 \ / \ , 

 is formed in the end of a limb, or stock, v 

 for receiving a cion. 



Collar, that part of the body or stem 

 of an apple-tree near the surface of the ground. Some trees produce a broad and 

 thick ridge at the surface of the ground, called the collar of the tree. 



Concentric. Concentric circles, or layers, are the rings of wood, one of which is 

 formed annually, around the body of every growing tree beneath the bark. 



Conical, those apples that are more or less tapering, somewhat like a cone, from 

 the base to the apex. (See Fig. 133.) 

 Cordate, heart-shaped, with the side-lobes rounded. 



Corolla, the delicate inner covering of a flower between the calyx and stamens, 

 usually colored, surrounding the parts of fructification, and composed of one or 

 more flower-leaves, denominated petals. 

 Cortical, belonging to the bark of a tree. 



Corymb, a mode of flowering ; a sort of flat or convex flower-cluster. 

 Cotyledons, the seed-lobes, or fleshy portion of a kernel. A cotyledon involves 

 and nourishes the embryo plant, and then perishes. Some seed?, like beans. 



A bundle of cions labelled. 



A bundle of cions to be sent by mail. 



