EXVliAL PRINCIPLED OF POMOLOGY. 



325 



Fig. 156. 



ed the surface of the ground and formed leaves. After leaves have been formed, 

 we say the plant vegetates, or grows. 



Graft, or Grafts. A graft is often called a cion, and a cion a graft. But strictly 

 speaking, a graft is the cion after it is inserted in the stock the living, growing, 

 partially, or fully-developed cion. (See Cion.) 



Habitat, the natural abode of any animal, or that peculiar locality of plants or 

 trees where they grow spontaneously. 



Heeling-in, or Laying-in-by-the-heels, placing the roots of trees in a trench or 

 hole, and covering them temporarily, while the stems of the trees are erect or in- 

 clined. 



Hilum, the eye of a potato or point of an apple-seed. (See Embryo.) 



Hum-its, vegetable mould formed by the thorough decomposition of vegetable 

 matter in the soil. It is usually of a black color, and very fine, like dark-colored 

 ashes. 



Hybrid, when applied to animals, signifies a mule. Among plants and vegeta- 

 bles, a hybrid is the product of the union of two varieties of different species of 

 trees, vines, or vegetables. A hybrid, also, is the product of the union of two in- 

 dividuals of different species ; while a cross is the mixture of two varieties. Many 

 intelligent persons employ the terms hybridize or hybridizing in the sense of cross- 

 ing, and vice versa, which is incor- 

 rect. The product of the union of 

 two varieties of strawberries is a 

 cross not a hybrid. The product of 

 an apple and a pear-blossom would 

 be a hybrid. 



Insertion, the apex of the stalk or 

 stem of an apple or of any other fruit. 



Larva, an insect in the caterpillar 

 state ; the first stage after the egg in 

 the metamorphoses of insects, pre- 

 ceding the pupa, or chrysalis, and 

 perfect insect. The word larva is 

 singular, and larvce is plural. (See 

 p. 238, a.) 



Leaf , or Leaves. Leaves are usually 

 the foliage of a tree. Sometimes the 

 foliage embraces both leaves and 

 blossoms. The accompanying illus- 

 tration of an apple-leaf (Pig. 156) will 

 furnish something of an idea of the 

 wonderful wisdom there is in a leaf. 

 We look at a leaf smilingly, and ex- 

 claim : " Well, there it is ! It's no- 

 thing but a leaf! What can be said 

 about a leaf?" Let us examine the 

 various parts closely, and we shall 

 doubtless meet with some practical 

 suggestions which will enable tillers 

 of the soil to produce better apples 

 and more bountiful crops. The blade 

 or lamina of a leaf embraces the en- 

 tire leaf, except the stem. The upper 

 end is the apex of the leaf; and B 

 is the base. An apple-leaf is denomi- 

 nated a simple leaf, as there is but one 



On the petiole. The petioles of some The principal paruof an apple-tree leaf. 



