GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POMOLOGY. 327 



free from rust and scabs. Fig. 157, given on the preceding page, is a fair repre- 

 sentation of a section of a leaf magnified to show the air-chambers and the 

 breathing-pores. Professor Gray states, in his "Botany," in connection with a 

 similar figure, that in one square inch of the under side of an apple-leaf there are 

 24,000 breathing-pores. 



Lobe, the division or segment of a petal or leaf; the free portion of a gamopetal- 

 ous corolla ; the cotyledons of a seed. 



Longitudinal, or Longitudinally, from pole to pole, or from stem to calyx. 



Mains, the scientific name of the species of trees to which the apple belongs. 



Marbled, covered with wide, faint, waving, or irregular stripes. 



Melting, becoming nearly a liquid and delicate pulp under a slight pressure, or 

 when taken in the mouth, like a soft peach. 



Mid-rib, the main, central nerve of a leaf, apparently the continuation of the 

 petiole to the apex of the leaf. (See Leaf.) 



Mottled. When an apple is covered with dots that appear to flow together. 



Nerves, in leaves, rib-like fibres extending from the base towards the apex. 



Oblate. An apple is of an oblate form when it is flattened, like Fig. 132, p. 319. 



Oblate-conical. The Hawthornden, Ehode Island Greening, and some other ap- 

 ples, are said to be of an oblate-conical form (Fig. 135, p. 319). 



Oblong, applying to such apples as Kaighn's Spitzenberg, having nearly parallel 

 sides, and longer from stem to calyx than from side to side (Fig. 134, p. 319). 



Oblong-conical, applying to an apple that is much longer from stem to calyx 

 than from side to side, having the sides somewhat conical, like the Yellow Bell- 

 flower apple, p. 8. 



Oblong-ovate, an apple more of the form of an egg than a cone ; similar to the 

 Black Gilliflower. 



Obovate, inversely ovate, having the larger end at the apex of the fruit. 



Obtuse, having rather blunt ends, or rounded off rather abruptly ; not sharp. 



Obtusely, in a rounded and blunt manner. The apple-leaf is obtusely toothed 

 on the edge. 



Ovary, the hollow portion at the base of the pistil, containing the ovules, or 

 bodies,destined to become seeds. 



Ovate, somewhat like an egg. An apple of an ovate form is different from a 

 conical form, in this respect, that the ovate is not tapered so much as an apple of a 

 conical form. The Esopus Spitzenberg, Gilliflower, Porter, and some other varie- 

 ties of apples, are ovate. 



Ovules, the rudiments of future seeds contained in the ovary, or young fruit. 



Paradise Apple, a small dwarf tree, scarcely larger than the currant-bnsh. When 

 any of the varieties of the common apple are worked on the Paradise stock, a 

 dwarf apple-tree is produced. 



Parenchyma, the soft cellular tissue of leaves which covers the frame-work the 

 mid-vein, veinlets, and veinulets. (See Leaf.) 



Pedicel, a partial peduncle ; the ultimate branch, as in a compound inflorescence. 



Peduncle, the stem of the apple- blossom, and also the stem of the apple itself. 

 The peduncle, in some kinds of fruit, supports several pedicels, each of which 

 bears a specimen of fruit. The stem of an apple has a base, and may be long or 

 short, curved or straight, slender or thick, and it is sometimes knobby and fleshy. 

 The stem characters are not very reliable. 



Pentapetalous, having five petals, like the apple-blossom. 



Perennial, living for a longer period than two or three years like trees, grass, 

 grape-vines, and shrubs. 



Pericarp. The pericarp of an apple consists of all the parts outside of the seeds. 

 That of a berry embraces the pulpy portion. In some fruits, the pericarp consists 

 of the epicarp, endocarp, and the sarcocarp. The word pericarp is derived from 

 two Greek words peri, around, and karpos, the seed or frnit. 



Petals, the delicate leaves of a flower or blossom. (See Blossom.) 



