GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF POMOLOGY. 329 



Pyrua, the scientific name of the genus of trees to which the apple and pear be- 

 long, while malm is the species. Hence the name of the apple-tree Pyrus mains. 

 These are simply Latin names. 



Quincunx. (See this explained on p. 74.) 



Radicle, the slender, fibrous branches of roots. 



Ramification, the profuse branching and subdivision of branches of roots or 

 bonghs. 



Rhizoma, subterranean stems, or creeping roots. 



Ribbed, having more or less ribs, or longitudinal ridges, running in parallel lines 

 around fruit. (See Fig. 136, p. 319.) 



Rigid, stiff, not pliable, inflexible. 



Root, or Roots. A root is an underground stem of a plant, shrub, or tree, which 

 fixes itself in the ground, and serves to support the plant in an erect position. 

 The roots which first appear from an apple-seed are denominated seminal or pri- 

 mary roots. Those that are sent out from an apple-stem near the surface of the 

 ground, in a horizontal position, are the coronal, or secondary roots. A radicle is 

 the first root of a kernel. Then the radicles of an apple-tree are those fine hair- 

 like roots which are sent out every growing season from the main roots to per- 

 form the office of feeders of the tree. The radicles of an apple-tree are produced 

 every year, and decay every autumn, like the leaves. This fact, however, is con- 

 troverted by most pomologists of the present age. 



Sarcocarp, the fleshy, spongy, corky, or coriaceous part of the fruit, which is 

 covered by the epicarp (from sarx, flesh, and karpos, fruit) ; the edible portion of 

 the apple. 



Seedling, the name given to an apple-tree that sprang from the seed, and which 

 has never been grafted or inoculated ; an apple produced by a tree that has never 

 been grafted. 



Segments, the divisions, or separate portions of a circle, of a leaf, or cleft of the 

 calyx of an apple. 



Seminal, pertaining to seed ; rudimental ; issuing from the seed, as the seminal 

 roots that start from a kernel of grain, or from an apple-seed. 



Sepals, the leaflets beneath the petals of a flower. They usually inclose the bud, 

 and are of a green color. 



Septum, or Septa, partitions that divide the interior of fruit. 



Serratures, having the edge or margin notched somewhat like the teeth of a 

 saw ; the sharp edges of the segments of leaves. (See Leaf.) 



Sheath, a tubular, membranaceous expansion of a plant that incloses a stem. 



Shoots, the extremities of growing limbs or branches ; particularly the part that 

 grew the preceding year. 



Shrub, a low dwarf tree or bush. Correctly speaking, gooseberry-bushes and 

 currant-bushes are shrubs, and not bushes. Botanists have failed to designate 

 the line of demarkation between trees and shrubs, so that a beginner can not al- 

 ways determine which is a tree and which a shrub. 



Sinus, a bay ; a rounded cavity in the edge of a petal or leaf. 



Spermoderm, the coarse shell, or skin, of an apple-seed, surrounding the ker- 

 nel. The three parts of the spermoderm consist of the external covering, called 

 the testa, or cuticle, corresponding to the epicarp ; the cellular tissue, called the 

 mesosperm, which corresponds to the sarcocarp of the apple ; and the thin inner 

 skin, or endosperm, which is the same as the endocarp, or inside skin of the peri- 

 carp. 



Splashed, having the stripes of all conceivable sizes, and much broken. 



Spongwles, the delicate, soft, and sponge-like extremities of roots and radi- 

 cles. 



Spores, or Sporules, the analogues, or seminal equivalents of seeds in cryptoga- 

 mous plants, which perform the functions of seeds. 



Spray, the numerous small, fine twigs on the ends of branches. 



