n8 



APPLIED ANATOMY. 



readily be felt. The pharynx has seven openings into it, viz. : the two posterior nares, 

 the two Eustachian tubes, the mouth, the larynx, and the oesophagus. 



Posterior Nares or Choanae. These can readily be seen by means of the rhino- 

 scopic mirror. They are separated by the posterior edge of the bony septum, the 

 vomer bone. They are 2.5 cm. (i in.) long and 1.25 cm. wide, hence are of suffi- 

 cient size to allow a well lubricated little finger to pass into them from the anterior 

 nares. The tip of an index finger can be inserted through the mouth below, hence 

 the entire length of the lower meatus of the nose and upper surface of the soft palate 

 can be palpated. 



Projecting from each lateral wall toward the septum are the rounded posterior 

 ends of the middle and inferior turbinated bones. Sometimes, high up, the posterior 

 end of the superior turbinate can be seen. The posterior end of the inferior turbi- 

 nate is frequently enlarged by a swelling of its membrane, forming a posterior turbi- 



Septum 



Pharyngeal tonsil 

 / Eustachian tube 



Fossa of Rosenm tiller 



Lingual tonsil 

 Anterior pillar 



Faucial tonsil- 

 Posterior pillar. 



Epiglottis 



Hyoid bone 



False vocal cord 



Thyroid cartilage 



Ventricle 



True vocal cord 



Cricoid cartilage 

 Trachea 



First cervical vertebra 

 Uvula 

 -Second cervical vertebra 



Third cervical vertebra 



Fourth cervical vertebra 



Cuneiform tubercle 

 (Wrisberg) 



Fifth cervical vertebra 

 Arytenoid cartilage 



Sixth cervical vertebra 



(Esophagus 



Cricoid cartilage 



Seventh cervical vertebra 



FIG. 147. Lateral view of pharynx and larynx. 



nate hypertrophy. Not only does the mucous membrane of the inferior turbinate 

 bones become enlarged, but that on the septum likewise. This constitutes hypertrophy 

 or thickening of the septum. A polypus may project from the nasal cavities back- 

 ward into the throat. I removed a very large one by pushing it with the finger into 

 the pharynx and then dragging it out of the mouth. 



The posterior nares are quite a distance anterior to the edge of the soft palate, 

 hence it is extremely difficult to make applications by way of the mouth. A much 

 easier way is to make them through a tube introduced into the nose, or even, as 

 when the electrocautery is used, without a protecting tube. 



Eustachian Tube. On each side, at a point about opposite the inferior turbi- 

 nals, are the orifices of the Eustachian tiibes with the fossa of Rosenmiiller above. 

 The Eustachian tube runs from the upper portion of the pharynx to the middle 

 ear, opening just behind the tympanic membrane, on the anterior wall. It is about 



