454 APPLIED ANATOMY. 



The parovai ium or organ of Rosenmuller is the remains of the middle set of 

 Wolffian tubules and in the male forms the epididymis. In the female it is almost 

 always present as a horizontal tube with shorter tubes connected with it, between the 

 layers of the broad ligament near the ovary. The Wolffian duct may persist as a 

 small tube in the broad ligament close to the uterus and vagina and known as the 

 duct of Gartner. The ducts of Miiller in the male atrophy and form the sinus 

 pocularis of the prostate. Part of them may persist patulous as the duct of Rathke. 

 In the female they form the Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. 



A knowledge of the development of the urogenital tract enables one to under- 

 stand how many of its congenital deformities and subsequent affections are produced. 

 Extrophy of the bladder, epispadias, hypospadias, and various forms of hermaphro- 

 ditism result when the two lateral halves of the bladder and urethra and external 

 genitals fail to unite in the median line. Should the urachus not close, a fistulous 

 tract leads from the bladder to the umbilicus from which urine discharges. Cysts 

 may also form in its course. Should the partition between the rectum within and the 

 dimple of the anus without not become absorbed there is formed one of the varieties 

 of imperforate anus. In some cases the rectum empties into the urethra or bladder, 

 thus forming a cloaca. Should the testicle become arrested in its descent from the 

 region of the kidney it forms what is known as undescended testicle. It may be 

 arrested within the abdominal cavity, in the inguinal canal, or near the external 

 abdominal ring. 



The paroophoron gives rise to cysts which have a tendency to develop between 

 the layers of the broad ligament and are papillomatous inside. The parovarium also 

 gives rise to cysts which likewise tend to burrow between the layers of the broad lig- 

 ament. Cysts arising from Gartner's duct are sometimes found in the vagina. In 

 the male, cysts arising from the Wolffian duct are : (i) encysted hydrocele of the 

 testicle ; and (2) general cystic disease of the testicle. Cysts arising from the per- 

 sistence in the male of the duct of Miiller have also been observed in the prostate 

 and seminal vesicles, but they are exceedingly rare. 



THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 



The female pelvic organs are so often the subject of operative procedures that 

 an exact knowledge of the relations of the uterus, vagina, ovaries, Fallopian tubes, 

 round and broad ligaments, and ureters is of great importance. 



THE UTERUS. 



The normal unimpregnated uterus is approximately 7.5 cm. (3 in.) long, 5 cm. 

 (2 in.) broad, and 2.5 cm. (i in.) thick. It consists of a fundus, body, and neck. 

 Its fundus is that part above a line joining the two openings of the Fallopian tubes at 

 the cornua. The neck of the uterus or cervix embraces 2.5 cm. (i in.) of its lower 

 portion. Between the neck and fundus is the body. The cavity of the uterus is 

 small, its anterior and posterior walls being almost in contact, while laterally it 

 extends toward the Fallopian tube openings. The opening through the cervix is the 

 cervical canal ; it opens into the vagina by the external os and into the uterus by the 

 internal os ; it is round in shape. The external os in the nullipara is round but in 

 those who have borne children it is a transverse slit. The cervical canal is narrowed 

 at both the internal os and the external os while it is larger between ; hence in 

 passing instruments into the uterus they traverse with difficulty the external os and 

 the internal os but pass readily between the two and into the uterine cavity beyond. 



The cervix enters the upper end. of the vagina in its anterior wall and presents 

 downward and backward (Fig. 458). Its posterior lip is longer than the anterior. 



Position. The uterus is most firmly fixed to the vagina and its upper portion 

 is the most movable. Lying between the bladder anteriorly and intestines and 

 rectum posteriorly its position varies with the condition of those organs. Normally 

 it inclines anteriorly (anteversion). It lies in contact with the bladder, no intestines 

 intervening. With an empty bladder it may point almost horizontally just above the 



