Co7npositae 107 



Annual and perennial herbs. Involucral-bracts 

 I -seriate or with a i^^ smaller ones at the base. 



Senecio. 



*Tribe 7. Calendideae. Leaves spiral. Axis of head 

 naked. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, functionally ,} (not 

 ripening fruit). Ray flowers % . ^^///^/-^ pointed at base. 

 Pappus absent. 



(Fruit bent inwards.) *Calendula. 



Tribe 8. Cynareae. Leaves spiral, often spinous. 

 Ifivolucral-bracts many-seriate, often spinous. Axis of 

 Juad usually with bristles which have no definite relation- 

 ship to the flowers. Flowers often purple, usually all 

 tubular, all hermaphrodite, or outer % or neuter. Anthers 

 usually with tails at base. Style usually with ring of 

 hairs or swelling. 



Subtribe I. Eckinopsinae. Heads i -flowered, them- 

 selves arranged in heads of the second order. Flowers 

 blue or white. *Echinops. 



Subtribe 2. Carlininae. Heads many-flowered. 

 Fruit with straight insertion, usually covered with silky 

 hairs. Pappus of scales or of i -seriate, feathery hairs. 



Only British genus: Carlina. 



Subtribe 3. Carduinae. Heads many-flowered. Fruit 

 with straight insertion, usually glabrous. Pappus usually 

 of many-seriate hairs. 



A. Pappus hairs simple. 



Outer involucral-bracts hooked. Arctmm. 



Outer involucral-bracts not hooked. 



Filaments free, warted or hairy. Pappus hairs con- 

 nate at base. - Carduus. 



