io8 Compositae 



Filaments connate into a sheath. Pappus free. 



Silybum. 



B. Pappus hairs all, or inner ones only, feathery. 



Involucral-bracts without spines. Filaments glabrous. 



Saussurea. 



Involucral-bracts with spines. Filaments warty or 

 hairy. Fruit compressed or terete. Cnicus. 



Involucral-bracts with spines. Filaments nearly 

 glabrous. Fruit 4-angled. Onopordon. 



Subtribe 4. Ceiitaureinae. Heads many-flowered. 

 Fruit with oblique insertion, glabrous or hairy. Pappus 

 many-seriate. 



Involucral-bracts without appendages. All flowers 

 hermaphrodite. Serratula. 



Involucral-bracts with scarious or thorny appendages. 

 Outer flowers quite sterile and larger than inner ones. 



Centaurea. 



Subfamily 2. Liguliflorae. Latex present. Corolla 

 of all flowers ligulate. 



Tribe 9. Cichorieae. Leaves spiral. Style-arms 

 cylindrical, hairy, obtuse. 



Subtribe i. Hyoseridinae. Fruit obtuse. Pappus of 

 scales. (Flowers blue in British species.) Cichorium. 



Subtribe 2. Lapsanmae. Involucral-bracts almost 

 equal. Fruit obtuse. Pappus absent. (Flowers yellow 

 in British species.) 



Leaves all radical. Fruit crowned with ring. 



Arnoseris. 

 Leaves radical and cauline. Fruit without ring. 



Lapsana. 



