INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Xlll 



obliquely overlaps the adjoining one on one side, and is overlapped by 

 the adjoining' one on the other side. In valvate fiostivation, if the edges 

 are much inflexed, the aestivation is said to be induplicate ; involute, if the 

 margins are inrolled ; and reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into 

 salient angles ; plicate, when folded together in plaits ; crumpled, when 

 puckered irregularly, as in the petals of a poppy. 



90. In general shape the Corolla is, 



tubular, when the whole or the greater part forms a tube or a 



cylinder. 

 campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup 

 or bell. 

 ' urceolate, when the tube is swollen, but contracted at the top, and 

 slightly expanded again into a narrow rim, as in many 

 Heaths, 

 rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally 



from the base, or nearly so, like the rays of a wheel or star. 

 hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindi'ical, 

 and the upper portion expanded horizontally. In this case the 

 term tube is restricted to the cylindrical part, and the horizontal 

 portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to the base or 

 not. 

 infundibnliform. or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical below, 

 but gradually enlarged upw^ards into a subcampanulate limb, 

 of which the lobes either stand erect or spread horizontally. 

 The upper orifice of the tube of a monopetalous corolla is often called its 

 mouth or throat. 



Irregular corollas have received various names ; some of the most im- 

 portant are 



bilabiate, or two-lip)ped corolla, when in a four or five-lobed corolla 

 (or calyx) the two or three upper lobes stand obviously apart, 

 like an upper lip, from the two or three lower lobes, that form 

 an under hp. 

 personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a 

 projection from the base of the upper or lower lip, called a 

 palate ; as in Snapdragon, Nemesia, etc. 

 ringent, when strongly two-lipped and the orifice of the tube very 



open. 

 spurred, when the tube, or the lower part of the petal has a conical, 

 hollow projection, compared to the spur of a cock ; saccate, 

 when the spur- is short and round, like a little bag ; gibbous, 

 when swollen or enlarged at one side. 

 resnpinate, or reversed, when the under lip is turned up, or appears 

 so. 

 The above terms are mostly applied to monopetalous corollas. Terms 

 applied to certain forms of corolla distinctive of certain Natural Orders will 

 be explained under the respective Orders. 



§ 11. The Stamens. 



91. The stamens or fertilizing organs of a flower, though in a theoretical 

 point of view regarded as metamorphosed leaves, are yet, except in a few 

 cases of petal-like stamens, very different in shape and aspect from leaves, 

 sepals, or petals. 



92. Usually a stamen consists of a stalk or filament, bearing at the 

 summit an anther, divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells 

 arc filled with pollen, commonly existing as minute grains, fonning a 

 yellow dust, which on the expansion of the flower is scattered abroad 

 from an opening in each cell, called a slit or pore. The part of the anther 



