XVlll INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 



stamens, or appendages at the base of the petals, or stamens or any small 

 bodies within the tlower which do not look like petals, stJimens, or carpels. 

 The term inrtani is nearly obsolete. 



124. When the disk bt-ars the petals and stamens on its I'iin, it is fre- 

 quently adhen'nt to and confluent with the tube of the calyx : or it is ad- 

 herent to the outside of the ovary ; or adherent both to calyx-tube and 

 ovary. Hence arise the three following important distinctions in the 

 relative inseitions of the floral whorls : — 



Petals and stamens, or, as in common language, flowers, are, 



hypogipwuH {i. e. under the ovary), when they or the disk that bears 

 them are entii'ely free or separate fi'om both calyx and ovary. 

 The ovary in this case is said to be free or stipe rior ; the calyx 

 fn'e or iiij'crior ; the petals as being inaerted on the receptacle. 

 periyynous {i. e. round about the ovary), when the disk bearing the 

 petals is quite fi-ee from the ovary, but is more or less com- 

 bined with the calyx-tube. The ovary is then still described 

 3,8 free or superior, even though the combined disk and calyx- 

 tube may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in the bottom ; 

 the calyx is said to be free or infeiior ; the petals as being in- 

 strted on the calyx. 

 epiyynous (j. e, upon the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is 

 combined both with the base of the calyx-tube and the outside 

 of the ovary ; either closing over the ovary so as only to leave 

 a passage for the style, or leaving more or less of the top of 

 the ovary free, but always adhering to it above the level of the 

 insertion of the lowest ovule (except in a few cases when the 

 ovules are suspended from the apex of the cell). In epigynous 

 flowers the ovary is described as adhereut or inferior ; the calyx 

 di8 adherent ov superior ; the petals as inserted on or above tlie 

 ovary. 



125. When there are no petals, the insertion of the stamens determines 

 the dificrence between hypogjTious, perigjTious, and epigynous flowers. 



126. When both petals and stamens are present, 



in hypoyynous flowers the petals and stamens are usually separate, 

 but sometimes they are confluent at base. In that case, if the 

 petals are distinct fi'om each other, and the stamens are mona- 

 delphous, the petals are often said to be inserted on, or com- 

 bined tvith, the staminal tube ; if the corolla is gamopetalous and 

 the stamens distinct fi'om each other, the latter are said to bo 

 inserted on the tube of the corolla. 



in periyynous flowers the stamens are usually inserted immediately 

 within the petals, or alternating wnth them on the edge of the 

 disk, or even on the tmenlarged part of the receptacle. 



in epiyynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are 

 usually inserted as in porigjTious flowers ; when the corolla is 

 gamopetalous, the stamens are often combined at the base ^dth 

 the tube of the corolla, or, as it is more fi^equently expressed, 

 inserted on the tube. 



127. MHien the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the ovary, it is 

 often called a yynobasc, yi/nnphore, or stalk of the ovary. 



128. An epiyynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit 

 of the ovary in epigjTious flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or en- 

 largement of the receptacle closing over the ovary. 



129. In the relative position of any two parts of the flower, whether in 

 the same or in difi'erent whorls, they are, 



connivtnt, when nearer together at the summit than at the base. 

 dircryent, when fiirther apart at the summit than at the base. 



