LXYii. eubtace.t:. 157 



Herbs or uiidershrubs, several yielding the red dye called " madder" from 

 their roots. Leaves 4-10 in a w^horl. Flowers small, greenisli-wliite or 

 pale yellow. — 3 species, none endemic, in tlie Eastern districts. 



25. GALIUM, Scop. 



Calyx-tube ovate-globose or oblong ; liinb obsolete. Co- 

 rolla 4-parted, rotate. Stamens sbort. Styles 2, with capitate 

 stigmas. Fruit didymous, roundisli, dry, separating into 2 

 1-seeded carpels. — Fl. Cap. iii. p. 35. 



Branching, erect or procumbent, weak herbs. Leaves 4 or many in a 

 ■whorl. Flowers small, white yellow or greenish. — 14 Cape species, dis- 

 persed. 



Order LXVIII. VALERIANEjE. 



Elowers mostly bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate; limb 3-4- 

 toothed, often enlarged after flowering. Corolla epigynous, 

 tubular, subequally 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens 

 1-5, in the tube, separate. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled ; ovules 

 solitary, pendulous ; style filiform. Fruit dry, crowned with 

 the calyx-limb, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, without albumen. — 

 Herbs, Avith opposite, often cut leaves, without stipules. 

 Flowers in cymes or fascicles, or solitary in the forks. 



Calyx unequally toothed, crowning the fruit, un- 

 changed 1. Yaleeianella. 



Calyx inrolled in flower, opening in fruit into a fea- 

 thery pappus 2. Yaleriana. 



1. VALERIANELLA, Poll. 



Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. 

 Stigma undivided or 3-fid. Fruit 3-celled, rather membra- 

 nous, 2 of the cells only fertile. — Fl. Cap. in. p. 40. 



Forking annuals, witli oblong or linear, entire or toothed leaves. Flowers 

 solitary in the forks or corymbose, minute. — V. erioearpa, introduced from 

 Europe, occurs near Grootvadersbosch. 



2. VALERIANA, Linn. 



Calyx-limb involute at the time of flowering (resembling a 

 thickened rim), bub at length unfolding into a deciduous pap- 

 pus, composed of many plumose bristles. Corolla 5-lobed, 

 gibbous at base. Stamens 3. Fruit 1-celled and 1-seeded at 

 maturity. — Fl. Cap. \\\. p. 40. 



Herbs or half-shrubs. — V. Capensis, our only species, has imparipiunate- 

 parted leaves ; the leaflets opposite or alternate, ovate, acute, toothed ; 

 cymes panicled, pinkish. It grows in various parts of the country. 



