C48 3 



.^vere, backwards along the foot ; and it some- 

 times happens that the shoe is actually thus dis- 

 placed ; in which case it necessarily follows, 

 that the nail in the middle of the toe, must be 

 driven immediately against the sensible parts 

 behind it, whilst the rest of the nails in great 

 measure follow the line of the crust, and so 

 avoid doing mischief to the parts within. 



The nail -holes on the upper surface of the 

 shoe should come through the seat, close to the 

 edge of the bevel, that the nails may have a 

 proper and equal hold on every part of the 

 crust, which will be shewn by the clenched ends 

 being each equally distant from the shoe. 



As the nail hole is always made with a taper 

 and square-pointed punch, a nail with a head 

 of the same form, will fit it better than one of 

 any other shape. 



The most general practice to prevent slipping 

 in frosty weather, is what is called roughing; 

 which is nothing more than making two caulk- 

 ings to each shoe. This is liable to the objec- 

 tions before stated, of throwing the weight too 

 much on the toe, and of the inside caulking 

 sometimes wounding the opposite leg. And it 

 is farther objectionable, because the caulkings 

 soon wear down; as, in order that they may take 



