Der heutige Stand der Verwaltung der Wälder in Kanada 65 



In the province of Alberta the old System of bipartition continues to this day. Both 

 departinents, the Alberta forestry branch and the timber and grazing branch are super- 

 intended by the Department of Lands and Mines. 



The Provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba have begun to reform the old Organization, 

 by uniting all the forestry working into one department under the management of a pro- 

 fessional expert. 



II. Organization of the Industrial Wood-Working Enterprises. 



The wood-working manufacturies play an important part in the carrying-out of the 

 measures taken to regulate the management of the forests (owners of partly 100000 qkm 

 and more of forests and woods). It is probable that some arrangement will be made between 

 the measures in the interest of forestry to be insisted upon by Government and between 

 the mercantile considerations in the interest of industry. The Organization of the forest 

 departments of the industrial enterprises rests chiefly upon the straight line type, compare 

 design on page 26. Consequently it is not the foresters, but rather the managing directors 

 of the respective companies who exert the competcnt influence upon the measures to be taken 

 and carried out in forest matters. 



in. Administrative Measures in Forest-Matters in Canada. 



Whereas in Germany forest management and sylviculture constitute the forester's 

 leading duty, the Chief duty of the Canadian forester consists, in the first place, in protecting 

 and preserving the growing stock and secondly in the economic utilization of that stock. 

 In keeping with the task set, the forest administration and legislature will be concentraded 

 upon these two domains. Thus, for instance, the costs of fire protection, in almost all the 

 provinces in the State, amount to about 50 Oq of the expenses for forestry, while 80 °o and 

 more of the staff are chiefly in the Service of the fire-protection. The realization of the stock 

 of timber on hand is effected by the so-called license-system, i. e. the Government authorizes 

 a certain person or society the right of usufruct of the timber on a defined area for a determined 

 or limited period of time. The payments of those authorized to use the timber vary in the 

 various provinces. As a general rule, they consist in 1. timber dues, Crown dues or royalities, 

 2. stumpage bonus, and 3. ground-rent. This tripartition is the outcome resulting from the 

 historical development of timber-usufruct. 



A third department in Canadian forest administration has of late begun to develop more 

 and more perceptibly, i. e. measures are being taken to secure a sustained forestry by 

 energetic experimental work, especially in the natural regeneration of the principal species. 



1. Administrative measures in Upper and Lower Canada. 



In the earliest days of colonization forest-development depended upon the administration 

 of the unsettled districts. The Chief object constantly pursued was to get the land settled 

 as quickly as possible. The first measures in forestry were taken in 1763 by the reservation 

 of certain forest areas for the British Fleet, and for general military purposes. Further steps 

 of development were taken, such as: 



1. 1805. Regulation of rafting on the St. Lawrence River, owing to an increase in the 

 exportation of timber. 



2. 1808. Introduction of the regulation of dimensions and sizeclasses for export- 

 timber (founding of a Board of Examiners). 



3. 1826. The monopoly exercised by the Royal Dock-yards is dcfinitely done away, 

 Englishmen having been granted permission in Lower Canada of acquiring forest tree 

 Stocks, as early as 1807. 



4. 1849. Attempts made to regulate forest-usufruct. 



5. 1849. The first Crown Timber Act (timber limits reduced to 50 sqm., annual renewal 

 of the licenses required). 



6. 1854. Warning of the Chief clerk of forestry against destruction of forest stock. 



7. shortly before 1865(Confederation) active and successful exertions in forestry (decisions 

 regarding the relations to each other of the farmers and thoso who have the usufruct 

 of wood. Separating of land suitable for agriculture and forestry, etc.). 



2. Province of Ontario. 



After the Confederation of 1867 Ontario made the first attcmpt to regulate the relations 

 between the settlers and the companies authorized to utilize timber. To-day, the purchaser 

 of a place of settlement normally acquires the respective territory only, but not the stock of 

 timber. For the timber rooted out the usual dues are to be paid. Önly the timber for building 

 the settler's house, for fencing, and for the fire-wood-sheds is not charged for. 



