88 



principally by the fruits of the chase in their primitive wildnesSy 

 and have of late years occasioned much trouble to the settlers of 

 northern Iowa. It was they who committed the murders last winter 

 on Spirit Lake, 



5. Ihanktonwans, (Yanktons,) '' village at the end." These are 

 sometimes called Wichiyela, meaning "first nation." They are 

 found at the mouth of the Big Sioux and between it and the Missouri 

 river, as high up as Fort Lookout, and on the opposite bank of the 

 Missouri. They are supposed to number 360 lodges. Contact with 

 the whites has considerably degenerated them^ and their distance from 

 the present buffalo ranges renders them comparatively poor. A treaty 

 has been made with them, by which they have ceded most of their land 

 to the United States. 



6. Ihanktonwannas, (Yanktonnas,) meaning one of the "end vil- 

 lage " bands. They range between James river and the Missouri, as 

 high north as Devil's Lake, number about 800 lodges, and are 

 spirited and warlike, and will give much trouble to the settlers in 

 Dakota territory. They suffered severely from the ravages of the 

 smallpox in the winter of 1856 and 1857. A small portion, under a 

 chief called Little Soldier, live in dirt lodges during the summer. 

 From the Wazikute branch of this band the Assinniboins, or Hohe of 

 the Dakotas, are said to have sprung. 



7. The Titonwans, " village of the prairie," are supposed to consti- 

 tute more than one-half of the whole Dakota nation. They live on 

 the western side of the Missouri, and extend west to the dividing ridge 

 between the Little Missouri and Powder rivers, and thence south on a 

 line near the 106th meridian. They are allied by marriage with the 

 Shyennes, but are enemies of the Pawnees and Crows. The Titon- 

 wans, excejit a few of the Brules, on White river, and some of the 

 families connected with the whites by marriage, have never planted 

 corn. They are divided into seven principal bands, viz : 



1 . Unkpapas, "they who camp by themselves. ' ' They roam from the 

 Big Shyenne up to the Yellowstone, and west to the Black Hills ; to 

 this band Mato Chiqukesa, or the Bear's Rib, belongs, who was made 

 by General Harney the first chief of the Dakotas. They number about 

 365 lodges. 



2. Sihasapas, Blackfeet. Haunts and homes same as the Unkpapas. 

 They number 165 lodges. These two bands have very little respect 

 for the power of the whites. 



3. Itazipchos, (Sans Arc,) No bows. Roam over nearly the same 

 territory as the Umkpapas. They number about 170 lodges. It is 

 difficult to say how these bands received their present names. The 

 Itazipchos being as well provided with bows as any other band, and 

 use them as skillfully. 



4. Minikanyes or Minui-kan-jous, (meaning they who plant by the 

 water.) They number about 200 lodges, and roam principally from 

 the Black Hills south to the Platte. They are generally w^ell disposed 

 towards the whites. 



5. Ogalalas or Okandandas. They number about 460 lodges, and 

 are generally to be found on or near the Platte near Fort Laramie. 



