Notes and [llustrations. 247 
is still the pronunciation in the North of England. This word is 
interesting as illustrating two points: (1) the shifting of 7, so that 
the various pronunciations of afern and apron correspond to the 
variations brid for bird, and burd for bride ; and (2) the loss of the 
initial z ; for apron is for Fr. naperon, a large napkin; see Roque- 
fort and Wedgwood. JVaferon, without x and e, is apron ; without 
n and 0, it is apern.”—Rev. Walter W. Skeat in N. & Q. 1869. 
‘“To make whyte lethyre. Take halfe an unce of whyte coperose 
and di. 3. of alome, and salle-peter the mowntance of the yolke of 
an egge, and yf thou wolle have thy skynne thykke, take of whetmele 
ij handfulle, and that is sufficient for a galone of water; and if thou 
wolle have thy skynne rynnyng, take of ry mele ij handfulle, and 
grynd alle thyes saltes smale, and caste hem into lewke warme 
water, and let heme melt togedyre, and so alle in ewene warme 
water put therein thy skynne. And if hit be a velome skynne, lett 
hit be thereinne ix days and ix ny3tes . . . and if hit be a parche- 
ment skyne, let hit ly thereinne iv days and iv ny3tes; . . . thanne 
take coperose of the whyttest the quantité of ij benys for j skynne 
and the yolke of j egge, and breke hit into a dysse, and than put 
water over the fyre, and put thereinne thy coperas, and than put 
thy yolke in thy skyne, and rub hit alle abowte, and thanne ley thy 
skynne in the seyde water, and let hit ly, ut dictum est.”—From the 
Porkington MS. 15th cent. 
17. 5. A Pannel and Ped have this difference, the one is much 
shorter than the other, and raised before and behind, and serves 
for small burdens; the other is longer and made for Burdens of 
Corn. These are fastened with a leathern Girt, called a Wantye. 
—T.R. Miss Mitford, in her “ Recollections,” writes that her 
father, who used to ride a favourite gentle blood-mare, had a pad 
constructed, perched and strapped upon which, and encircled by 
his arm, she used to accompany him. 
17. 6. Acart or wagon whose wheels are hooped and clouted with 
iron is called in Lincoln a shod-cart or shod-wain. In the Paston 
Letters, ed. Gairdner, vol. ii. p. 245, we have ‘‘clot shon” =boots 
tipped with iron. ‘“Clowte of a shoo, pzctastum.”—Prompt. Parv. 
Cf. Milton, Comus, |. 634: 
“The dull swain 
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon.” 
In Lancashire a ‘‘ Clout-nail”’ is a large nail used for fixing iron 
clouts on the wooden axle-trees of carts. 
17. 7. ‘Ten sacks,” each holding a coome or four bushels, are 
only sufficient for a single load of wheat; but farms were not so 
large, nor the produce so great when-Tusser wrote. 
A pulling hook is a barbed iron for drawing firing from the wood 
stack.—M. 
17. 9. ““A nads”=an adze, an instance (like a nall=an awl, 
above) of the x of the article being joined to the following vowel. 
