132 CLOVER CULTURE. 



the base of the blossom or floret upward, and the young- larvae 

 are found almost invariably near the base, and beginning- their 

 ~work on the florets' there, it would seem that the eg-g-s are de- 

 posited at the base of the floret. In working- upward they 

 msually form a spiral track around it. 



The second brood were observed at Ames, pairing- during 

 "the last week of July, and by August 5th the larvae were 

 found in great numbers. This rate of growth would seem to 

 -indicate that there are three broods per year in the latitude of 

 -Iowa, and possibly, though not probably, four. 



Since the foregoing was written, Bulletin 19 of the Iowa 

 ^Experiment Station has been issued, containing the results of 

 'Careful investigations during the season of 1892, by Mr. H. A. 

 ^Gossard, assistant entomologist, who has g-iven special atten- 

 tion to this species. This investigation shows that the insect 

 us three brooded in Iowa ; that moths appear in late May or 

 >early June, deposit eggs in June in the involucre of the clover 

 head or in the florets, and larvae occur in heads of clover in 

 flatter part of June. When the clover is not in bloom, eggs 

 > may be deposited in the crown and the larvae work on other 

 parts of the plant. Pupation occurs in late Tune or early 

 July <vnd moths appearing during July deposit eggs for second 

 brood. These mature and produce moths for third brood in 

 early September, and caterpillars of this generation, the third 

 brood, become parti}- grown and hibernate,- pupating in spring 

 -and producing the first brood of moths of the following season. 

 The remedies recommended are : 1st, rotation of crops, 

 <not keeping clover on same ground over three years, and only 

 :two if the field becomes badly infested; 2d, that seed for new 

 *crop be planted on land as remote as possible from old clover 

 iields; 3d, that infested fields from which seed is desired 

 the following year be pastured in fall to clean up all late 

 growth and leave the field free from vegetation in the fall, and 

 that no manure be applied at the time to furnish places for 

 larvae to hibernate ; 4th, that clover infested during the spring 

 be cut as early as practicable, while larvae are in heads, han- 

 dled as carefully as possible to prevent shaking larvae from the 

 heads, and stored in stacks or barns, where the larvae are found 

 "to perish ; 5th, when ready to change from clover to another 

 crop, plow under some time in October, November or early ill 

 spring, burying the larvae as deeply as possible, and roll or 

 harrow to pack the surface. 



Several parasites have been reared at Ames, and these 

 will assist in reducing numbers under ordinary conditions. 



