ZOOLOGICAL ZONES 1529 



ago in that way, noting the peculiarities of the spe- 

 cies of South American animals. The most impor- 

 tant extension of this branch of zoology has been 

 due to recent researches and discoveries of extinct 

 species of the class Mammalia; and it is chiefly in 

 relation to the modifications of zoological ideas pro- 

 duced by paleontology that a few brief remarks will 

 here be made. 



The Quadrumana, or order of apes, monkeys, and 

 lemurs, consist of three chief divisions Catarhines, 

 Platyrhines, and Strepsirhines. The first family 

 is peculiar to the Old World; the second to South 

 America; the third has the majority of its species 

 and its chief genus (Lemur) exclusively in Mada- 

 gascar. Out of twenty-six known species of Lemu- 

 ridae, only six are Asiatic and three are African. 



The Catarhine monkeys include the Macaques, 

 most of which are Asiatic, a few are African and 

 one European; the Cercopitheques, most of which 

 are African and a few Asiatic; and other genera 

 which characterize one or other continent exclu- 

 sively. Thus the true baboons (Papio) are African, 

 as are the thumbless monkeys (Colobus) and the 

 chimpanzees (Troglodytes). The Semnopithecus, 

 gibbons, and orangs are peculiarly Asiatic. Palae- 

 ontology has shown that a macaque, a gibbon, and 

 an orang existed during the older Tertiary times in 

 Europe, and that Semnopithecus existed in Miocene 

 times in India. But all the fossil remains of Quad- 

 rumana in the Old World belong to the family 

 Catarhina, which is still exclusively confined to that 

 great division of dry land. The tailless macaque 



