1530 THE STORY OF THE UNIVERSE 



(Innus silvanus) of Gibraltar may have existed in 

 that part of the Old World before Europe was sepa- 

 rated by the Straits of Gibraltar from Africa. 

 Fossil remains of Quadrumana have been discovered 

 in South America; they indicate Platyrhine forms: 

 a species, for example, allied to the howlers (My- 

 cetes), but larger than any now known to exist, has 

 left its remains in Brazil. 



While adverting to the geographical distribution 

 of Quadrumana, I would contrast the peculiarly 

 limited range of the orangs and chimpanzees with 

 the cosmopolitan powers of mankind. The two spe- 

 cies of orang (Pithecus) are confined to Borneo and 

 Sumatra; the two species of chimpanzee (Troglo- 

 dytes) are limited to an intertropical tract of the 

 western part of Africa. They appear to be inex- 

 orably bound by climatal influences regulating the 

 assemblage of certain trees and the production of 

 certain fruits. With all our care, in regard to choice 

 of food, clothing, and contrivances for artificially 

 maintaining the chief physical conditions of their 

 existence, the healthiest specimens of orang or 

 chimpanzee, brought over in the vigor of youth, 

 perish within a period never exceeding three years, 

 and usually much' shorter in England. By what 

 metamorphoses, may we ask, has the alleged hu- 

 manized chimpanzee or orang been brought to en- 

 dure all climates? The advocates of transmutation 

 have failed to explain them. Certain it is that those 

 physical differences in cerebral, dental, and osteo- 

 logical structure which place, in my estimate of 

 them, the genus Homo in a distinct group of the 



