CONTENTS. XV 



CHAPTER VIII. 



PALEONTOLOGY. Definition of palaeontology, 208 ; its laws, 209 ; great divisions of 

 the animal kingdom, with illustrations, 212 ; I. Radiata, 213 ; comprises five 

 classes, 213 ; spongiaria, 213 ; polypifera, 215 ; infusoria, 219 ; foramenifera,222 ; 

 echinodermata, 224; spatangoidae, 226; cidaridae, 226; crinoidae, 226; II. 

 Mollusca, 229 ; general characters, 229 ; divided into acephalous and eneepha- 

 lous, 230; tunicata, 231; brachiopoda, 232 ; conchifera, 233 ; gasteropoda, 237 ; 

 description of the different parts of univalve shells, 238 ; of bivalved shells, 241 ; 

 the teeth, 243; the mouth, 244; the stomach, 244; the heart, 245; orders of 

 gasteropoda, 245 ; geological importance of the gasteropoda, 245 ; summary, by 

 Professor Grant, 246 ; pteropoda, 247 ; cephalopoda, 248 ; divided into tentaculi- 

 fera and acetabulifera, 249 ; general structure of the tentaculifera, 249 ; divided 

 into the three families of nautilidse, clymenidse, and ammom'tidse, 250 ; general 

 character of the acetabulifera, 252; spirulidse, 254; loligidae, 254; teuthidse, 

 254 ; belemnitidae, 254 ; general review of the class, 255 ; D'Orbigny's table of 

 the stratigraphical distribution of 18,000 species of mollusca and radiata, 256 ; 

 III. Articulata, 257 ; general characters, 257 ; division into six classes, 258 ; 

 annelida, 258 ; cirrhipoda, 259 ; Crustacea, 259 ; arachnida, 265 ; myriapoda, 

 266; insecta, 266; IV. Vertebrata, 270; divided into four classes, 272; fishes, 

 273 ; reptiles, 287 ; birds, 307 ; mammalia, 313 ; retrospect, 342. 



CHAPTER IX. 



SPECIAL GEOLOGY. Modern geological changes, 344 ; encroachments of the sea on the 

 eastern shore of Great Britain, 345; on the southern coast, 346; land-slip in 

 Dorsetshire, 347; the western coast, 348; fluviatile action, 349; atmospheric 

 agency, 349 ; conservative principles in action, 350 ; human skeletons imbedded 

 in the limestone of Guadeloupe, 351. 



CHAPTER X.* 



TEKTIARY PERIOD. General features of the various deposits, 353 ; per-centage of 

 recent species of shells, 354 ; special fauna of the tertiary period, 355 ; geogra- 

 phical distribution of the tertiary strata, 355 ; the crag, 356 ; the London basin, 

 360 ; Isle of Sheppey, 361 ; rich in fossil remains, 361 ; Isle of Wight and Hamp- 

 shire, 362 ; elevation of the land, proved from the state of the remains of the 

 so-called Temple of Serapis, 363 ; rise of Sweden ascertained, 364 ; classification 

 of the tertiary beds of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 365 ; illustrations of, 

 348, 367 ; the Paris basin, 369 ; classification and organic remains, 370 ; tertiary 

 strata of Aix, 371; strata and organic remains of Monte Bolca, 371 ; dormant 

 volcanoes of central France, 372; La Limagne d'Auvergne, 373; the indusial 

 limestone of Auvergne, 375; erosive force of streams, 376; tertiary strata of 

 other regions, 376; fossil infusoria, 376; EXERCISES on the tertiary system of 

 deposits, 378. 



CHAPTER XI. 



THE CRETACEOUS GROUP. Subdivisions of the different stages, and their foreign equi- 

 valents, 379 ; ideal section from London to the Isle of Wight, 381 ; origin of the 

 chalk and flint, 381 ; the Bermuda limestone, 383 ; fossils of the chalk, 383 ; very 

 numerous, and entirely marine, 384 ; shells of the chalk, 384 ; figures of common 

 and characteristic, 384, 385 ; fishes of the chalk, 386 ; the mosasaurus, 389 ; de- 

 nudation of the chalk, 390 ; EXERCISES on the chalk formation, 391. 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE WEALDEN GROUP. A freshwater deposit, 392 ; former opinion of these deposits, 

 392 ; subdivisions by Dr. Mantell, 393 ; geographical distribution, 395 ; Isle of 

 Purbeck, 396 ; Isle of Portland, 396 ; the dirt-bed. 397 ; upper, lower, and middle 

 Purbecks, 398 ; wealden strata of the Isle of Wight, 400 ; organic remains, 402 ; 

 Sussex marble, 402 ; fossil fishes, 402 ; turtles, 403 ; colossal reptiles, 403 ; the 

 hylaeosaurus, 406 ; denudation of the wealden, 407 , EXERCISES on the wealden 

 formation, 407. 



* An error has accidentally been committed in the numbering of the chapters, which has rendered 

 it necessary to make the tenth chapter ^incorrectly numbered XI.) , stand for two ; but nothing hat 

 been omitted. 



