CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER V. 



MINERALOGY. Sciences comprehended in geology, 74; history of mineralogy, 74; 

 chemical laws relative to the nature and composition of minerals, 78 ; optical 

 discoveries of Brewster, 79 ; simple and compound bodies, 80 ; elementary 

 bodies, 80 ; chemical nomenclature, 82 ; discrimination of minerals, 84 ; crystal- 

 lisation, 85 ; crystallography, 85 ; illustrations, 86 98, 109 ; discoveries of Sir 

 David Brewster, 98; external character of minerals, 100; cleavage, 101; use 

 of the blowpipe, 102 ; illustrations, 104, 105 ; classification of minerals, 106 ; 

 EXERCISES on crystalline forms, 109 ; EXERCISES on the general character ot 

 minerals, 110. 



CHAPTER VI. 



PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. Classification of rocks, 112; arrangement of deposits, 113; 

 arrangement of the strata, 114; fossiliferous deposits, 114; the tertiary strata, 

 115; the secondary strata, 115; the primary strata, 116; the Plutonic, or un- 

 stratified primary rocks, 117 ; table of stratified fossiliferous rocks as they occur 

 in England, 117 1 19 ; geological deposits of Great Britain, 119 124 ; volcanic 

 rocks, 124 ; cause of volcanoes, 125 ; similarity of the ancient and modern igneous 

 rocks, 126; general characters of the igneous products, 127 ; metamorphic rocks, 

 127; gneiss, 127; mica-schist, 128 ; fossiliferous rocks, 129; characteristic fos- 

 sils, 129; mineral veins, 129; the gases, 131 ; general composition of the mass 

 of rocks, 131 ; peculiarities of rocks, 132 ; extent of the older formations, 132 ; 

 derived character of the sedimentary formations, 132 ; similarity of contiguous 

 deposits, 132; absence of strata, 133; drift, 133; arenaceous deposits, 134; 

 argillaceous deposits, 134; position of, 134; calcareous rocks, 134; structure of 

 slaty rocks, 135; breccia, 135; conglomerate, 135; groups and periods, 135; 

 delta, 136 ; degrading and elevating causes, 136 : idea of a geological formation, 

 with illustrations, 137 ; stratified rocks, 138; horizontal position, 139; disturb- 

 ance of the strata, 139 ; vertical strata, 139 ; inverted position,139 140 ; disjointed 

 strata, 140; curved strata, 140; arched strata, 141; contorted strata, 141; ex- 

 periments in illustration of, by Sir James Hall, 142 ; unstratified rocks, 142 ; 

 veins of granite and other igneous rocks, 143 ; false stratification, 144 ; columnar 

 arrangement, 144; vertical columns, 145 ; horizontal arrangement, 145 ; arrange- 

 ment of deposits, 146 ; dip, 147 ; strike, 147 ; anticlinal line, 148 ; synclinal 

 line, 148 ; qud-qud-versal dip, 148 ; conformable position, 148 ; unconformable 

 position, 149 ; order and succession of rocks, 150 ; age of mountain chains, 151 ; 

 search for coal, 151; outliers, 152; escarpment, 153; origin of valleys, 153; 

 valleys of dislocation, 153 ; valleys of undulation, 154 ; valleys of denudation, 

 154; valleys of elevation, 154; origin of caverns, 155; faults, 156; deceptive 

 appearance of, 156; equivalents, 157; varieties of texture of rocks, 157; piso- 

 lites, 157 ; rolled pebbles, 158 ; nodules, 158 ; geodes, 158 ; incrustations as dis- 

 tinguished from petrifactions, 158; authors, 159; EXERCISES on physical geology, 

 159. 



CHAPTER VII. 



FOSSIL BOTANY. Modern origin of the science, 161; classification of vegetables, 163; 

 the Jussieuian, or Natural System, now generally adopted, 163 ; vegetable struc- 

 ture, with illustrations, 164 ; investigation of fossil plants, 167 ; arrangement of, 

 171 ; by Adolphe Brongniart and Count Sternberg, 171 ; by Dr. Lindiey, 173 ; 

 experiments of Dr. Lindiey, 174 ; objections of Count Sternberg, 175 ; Brong- 

 niart's classification in six classes, 176; detail of, with illustrations, 179204; 

 agamise, 179; cellular and vascular cryptogamiae, 180; genera of fossil ferns, 

 181; marsiliaceae, 187; cbaraceae, 188; lycopodiacese, 188 ; phanerogamic gym- 

 nosperms, 191 ; monocotyledonous phanerogamise, 193 ; dicotyledonous phane- 

 rogamiae, 195 ; arrangement of the plants of the coal, 196 ; ferns and sigillariae, 

 196 ; lepidodendra, 199 ; calamites, 201 ; coniferae, 201 ; stigmariae, 201 ; tech- 

 nical terms relating to leaves explained 203 ; EXERCISES on fossil botany, 205. 



