276 THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE 



most zealously strive to achieve is the suppression of 

 all ridiculous claims to independent judgment, and 

 the inculcation upon young men of obedience to the 

 scepter of genius. The scientific man and the cul- 

 tured man belong to two different spheres which, 

 though coming together at times in the same indi- 

 vidual, are never fully reconciled. 



In order to appreciate the full perverseness, from 

 the democratic standpoint, of Nietzsche's view of 

 culture, it is necessary to glance at his political ideals 

 as explained by one of his sponsors. Nietzsche re- 

 pudiates the usual conception of morality, which he 

 calls slave-morality, in favor of a morality of mas- 

 ters. The former according to him encourages the 

 deterioration of humanity ; the latter promotes ad- 

 vancement. He favors a true aristocracy as the best 

 means of producing a race of supermen. " Instead 

 of advocating 'equal and inalienable rights to life, 

 liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,' for which 

 there is at present such an outcry (a regime which 

 necessarily elevates fools and knaves, and lowers the 

 honest and intelligent), Nietzsche advocates simple 

 justice to individuals and families according to 

 their merits, according to their worth to society ; 

 not equal rights, therefore, but unequal rights, and 

 inequality in advantages generally, approximately 

 proportionate to deserts ; consequently, therefore, a 

 genuinely superior ruling class at one end of the 

 social scale, and an actually inferior ruled class, with 

 slaves at its basis, at the opposite social extreme." 



Since it is the view of this aristocratic philosopher 

 that science is the ally of democracy a view that 

 every chapter of the history of science serves to dem- 



