CONTENTS. xxiii 



316. The effects on respiration of changes in the circulation through the 



respiratory centre and through the lungs 508 



317. The effects of exercise on respiration .... , 509 



SECTION IX. 

 MODIFIED RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS. 



318. Sighing, yawning, hiccough, sobbing, coughing, sneezing, laugh- 

 ing, and crying 511 



CHAPTER III. 



THE ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS. 

 319. The chief waste products and their channels of exit . . . 513 



SECTION I. 

 THE COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERS OF URINE. 



320. The general characters of urine 615 



321. The normal organic constituents of urine 516 



322. The inorganic salts 517 



323. The non-nitrogenous constituents of the urine .... 518 



324. The pigments of the urine 519 



325. Ferments and other bodies present in urine 519 



326. The relative quantities of the more important constituents of urine 520 



327. The acidity of urine 521 



328. The abnormal constituents of urine 522 



SECTION II. 

 THE SECRETION OF URINE. 



329. The double nature of urinary secretion 524 



330. The vaso-motor mechanisms of the kidney. The renal oncoineter 



and oncograph 525 



331. The relation of the flow of blood through the kidney to variations 



in blood-pressure and to vaso-motor changes in general . . 528 



332. The vaso-constrictor nerves of the kidney 530 



333. The vaso-dilator nerves of the kidney 531 



334. The influence on the renal circulation of chemical substances in 



the blood 531 



335. The connection between changes in the renal circulation and the 



secretion of urine . . 532 



