60 



Training for Special Purposes. Though a natural form of growth is 

 best adapted for fruit trees and shrubs, as a rule, yet it may be 

 necessary to modify the training to suit particular purposes and to 

 attain special objects. Trees and bushes of pendulous growth may 

 require to have their lower branches cut away to a far larger extent 

 than those that are upright in habit. The rule in these cases should 

 be that every branch must hang clear of the ground. In small gardens, 

 where space is an object and a great variety of trees are required, 

 the European methods of cordon and conical training may be adopted. 

 There are various modes of practising the former system, but those 

 most generally adopted are the lateral or espalier, the upright, and the 

 oblique. The espalier system is adapted for the borders of walks, and 

 is more suitable for Apples and Pears worked upon dwarfing stocks. 

 In training for this purpose, one or two branches, according to whether 



CORDON TRAINING. 



Dwarf espalier with one arm. 



CM 



Dwarf espaliar with two arms. 



Espalier with several arms. 



