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Vertical cordon. 





Oblique cordon. 



growth is to be ruade in one or two directions, are formed at the top of 

 a short trunk ; these are trained horizontally to stakes, or upon trellises, 

 in the required directions, and their growth regulated and kept within 

 bounds by pinching back the shoots from time to time. Espaliers may 

 also be trained with two, three, or more tiers of horizontal branches. 

 The oblique-cordon system is practised by training each tree with a 

 single horizontal stem from which several branches are inclined at an 

 angle of about sixty degrees. Trees for this purpose are planted 

 closely, arid, as with espaliers, are kept compact by frequently 

 pinching back the shoots. In the conical system of training, the trees 



