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than those that have reached a mature age, as the object of the grower is 

 to assist development as much as possible. His aim is a strong woody 

 growth in particular directions, and well-balanced and symmetrical heads. 

 To attain this object but a few branches are left, and the strength of the 

 plant concentrated in to a limited number of channels. Ail shoots not 

 likely to serve a useful purpose should be removed. Though as a rule 

 in shortening back the shoots of young trees, it will be advisable to cut 

 the points outivards, yet with some kinds this system must be reversed. 

 Upright growing varieties should be invariably cut with outward buds. 

 On the other hand, varieties that are inclined to pendular or horizontal 

 growth require to be cut with inward buds, so as to encourage the 

 branches to rise. By assisting to throw the new growth upward for a 

 year or two better formed trees can be obtained than by allowing the 

 branches to spread too much. Summer pruning is very useful with 



Upright Tree cut back to outside 

 Buds. 



Spreading Tree cut back to inside 

 Buds. 



young trees, as by rubbing off unnecessary shoots a waste of energy is 

 prevented to a great extent. Care must, however, be taken not to thin 

 out the shoots too much, as a fair proportion of foliage is required for 

 shade and to promote healthy root action. The ends of the shoots must 

 also be pinched back when necessary to prevent a straggling growth and 

 keep the trees compact and well furnished. Mature trees, if they have 

 been well managed when young, will in most cases require but compara- 

 tively little in the way of pruning. As a rule, all that is necessary is 



