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mouldy, and more or less rotten. In the more advanced stages of this 

 disease the fruit becomes thoroughly rotten. As the disease works 

 from the centre of the fruit, fungicides cannot be applied, and there are 

 no known remedies. It might be eradicated by destroying affected 

 fruit for a season or two, and, consequently, getting rid of the germs. 

 But as it does not affect all varieties of Apples, perhaps the safest plan^ 

 will be to discard those sorts that are specially liable to its attacks. 

 The varieties most liable to this disease are those having the more open 

 passages between the eyes and the core chambers. 



Powdery Mildew. This disease is somewhat prevalent, and, strange 

 to say, affects young trees to a greater extent than old ones. It is 

 caused by a fungus known as Podosphcera Kunzei, which appears upon 

 the young leaves and branches in the form of a white felt, and hence the 

 name, Powdery Mildew. The leaves when attacked turn brown, 

 become brittle and dry, and fall off. As a rule, the foliage near the 

 points of the shoots suffers most, and affected trees sometimes have the 

 appearance of being scorched. The disease spreads rapidly, and should 

 be dealt with promptly as soon as it is detected. Remedies : Ammonia 

 Carbonate of Copper, or Eau Celeste, applied as a spray as recom- 

 mended for the Apple Scab. 



DISEASE. 



Water Core. This is a term applied to the supposed cause of the 

 transparent, or waxy, appearance that may sometimes be noticed in 

 Apples. Sometimes the fruit is only partially transparent, but in other 

 cases the whole of the flesh has this appearance. The cause is an excess 

 of water in the tissues of the fruit, to the exclusion of air. The name 

 has originated from the fact that the disease (if it is really one) generally 

 originates from the core. This, however, is not invariably the case, as 

 frequently it starts from the outside of the fruit. There is no accounting 

 for the appearance of this complaint, though it is supposed to be through 

 the absorption of an excess of water from the stalk cavity. As a rule 

 it is most prevalent after heavy rains, and generally makes its appear- 

 ance just as the fruit is beginning to ripen. Some varieties are very 

 liable to it, while others are rarely or never affected by this disease. 

 Possibly the reason why some kinds are affected to a greater extent 

 than others is that their flesh tissues are more open. There are no 

 remedies for Water Core, and in order to avoid it, the only thing in the 

 power of cultivators is to reject such varieties as appear to be most liable 

 to it. 



TYPES OF APPLES. 



There arc several types of Apples, but their classification according 

 to well-defined characteristics that could be easily recognised is a work 

 of the future. Though some pomological writers of repute have made 

 efforts in this direction, yet no one has succeeded in producing a satis- 

 factory scheme. Apples are mainly classed as Codlins (or Codlings), 



