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worms. The White Mulberry and its varieties may be grown 

 .successfully in any ordinary fair soil, and in most localities. The 

 fruit is comparatively useless, but the wood is durable and the bark 

 tough and fibrous like that of the Black Mulberry. As the trees do 

 not attain so large a size as the other species, they may be planted 

 much closer, and are often used for hedges or breakwinds. When 

 grown for feeding silk-worms, the production of an abundance of 

 leaves is the chief requirement, and the trees must be treated 

 accordingly. They may be planted in rows about ten feet apart, and 

 trained with low stems from one to two feet high. The plants must 

 be kept dwarf by cutting back the branches every winter to one or 

 two buds. By keeping the heads low the work of gathering the 

 leaves is facilitated, while the close pruning causes a strong growth 

 4>f foliage 



Morus rubra (Pennsylvanica) (Red Mulberry). This is a North 

 American species of robust habit, quick growth, and larger than 

 any other kind, often attaining a height of sixty or seventy feet. In 

 America it is sometimes cultivated for its fruit, which is, however, 

 though palatable, far inferior to that of the Black Mulberry. The 

 timber is compact and durable, and may be utilized for various 

 purposes. In cultivation precisely the same treatment is required 

 as is recommended for the Black Mulberry. 



Morus celtidifoUa. A South American species indigenous from 

 Peru to Mexico, to an elevation of eight thousand feet, yields an 

 edible fruit, which, however, is far inferior to the Black Mulberry. 

 A somewhat similar species is Morus insignis from New Granada, and 

 found at an elevation up to eleven thousand feet. 



Morus papyrifera (Brousonettia papyri/era) (Paper Mulberry). 

 This is a quick- growing species, indigenous to China, Japan, and 

 some of the South Sea Islands, that might prove worthy of attention, 

 In Japan it is cultivated extensively for making paper, in the same 

 way as osiers are grown for the basket-makers. When the leaves 

 fall in the autumn the young shoots of the season are cut, tied in 

 bundles, and boiled till the bark is loosened. The bark is then slit 

 lengthways, stripped from the wood, and soaked in water till the 

 -coloured or external part will separate. The bark is then sorted, 

 boiled till it can be easily separated by the fingers, and thoroughly 

 washed. After that it is placed upon tables and beaten with wooden 

 mallets till the pulp assumes the required consistence. It is next 

 dressed with rice starch and an infusion of Manihot roots, and then, 

 the sheets are placed one by one on flat tables in piles and subjected 

 to great pressure. Paper made in this way is coarse but strong, and 

 the fibre can also be used for textile fabrics. The fruit and timber 

 are of no value comparatively. Trees of this species are naturally 

 rather small, and if cultivated for their bark, must be planted and 

 treated the same as the White Mulberry. In all other respects the 

 treatment required will be the same as recommended in the following 

 directions for the Black and all the other species. 



CULTIVATION. 

 The Black Mulberry may be grown in almost any soil and locality, 



