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climate, and to place them under such conditions as will make them 

 yield regular and heavy crops of the finest quality. Formerly, European 

 cultivators grafted the Pear extensively upon the Whitethorn (Gratcegus 

 oxycantha}, White Beam (Pyrus arm), True Service (Pyrus domestica), 

 Mountain Ash (Pyrus nucuparia), Wild Service (Pyrus torminalis}, and 

 Medlar as dwarfing stocks. Though still used to some extent these stocks 

 are going out of fashion, as the Quince is found to answer a deal better, 

 and none of them are worthy of much consideration in Australasia. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 



The Pear does not suffer from the attacks of insects to the same extent 

 as many other fruits, but it is liable to injury more or less from certain 

 orchard pests. 



Aphides. Sometimes, soon after starting into growth in the spring, 

 the trees are attacked by a species of aphis that often does considerable 

 damage to the young shoots and flowers. Should the insects appear 

 when growth is further advanced, they do not produce such injurious 

 effects. They are, however, undesirable visitors at all times, as they feed 

 upon the juices of the leaves, young shoots, blossoms, and fruit, and must 

 necessarily cause injury to the trees more or less. Therefore, these insects 

 should be kept down by every practicable means. Remedies : 1 . Tobacco 

 Water. 2. Quassia Water. .'3. Kerosene Emulsion. 4. Resin Compound. 

 Directions for preparing and using these remedies will be found at pages 

 99 to 102, volume 1. 



Borers. The larvae of several kinds of beetles or weevils sometimes 

 attack Pear trees, which, however, suffer less from this class of pests than 

 the Apple, Peach, and some other fruits. The more prominent of these 

 insects are the Apple Borer Beetle, Apple Root Borer, Cherry Borer, and 

 Elephant Beetle. Full descriptions of these insects and their habits and 

 the remedies for them will be found in volume 1. 



Caterpillars. Various species of Caterpillars feed upon the foliage of 

 the Pear, and more especially in the spring or early summer. The most 

 troublesome of these is what is commonly known as the Pear or Cherry 

 Slug (Selandria cerasi), which often causes a considerable amount of 

 injury to trees This insect is widely distributed throughout the world, 

 being very troublesome to European and American cultivators, as also in 

 many parts of Australasia. A full description of this pest will be found 

 in the article upon Injurious Insects, page 81, volume 1. Remedies : 1. 

 Powdered Lime. 2. Hellebore Powder. 3. Dry wood ashes or finely 

 pulverized earth dusted over the trees. 4. London Purple or Paris 

 Green used as a spray. Information as to the preparation and use of 

 these remedies will be found at pages 100 to 102, volume 1. 



Peir Mite. This very common and troublesome insect is known 

 scientifically as Phytoptus pyri, and it specially affects Pear trees , It is 

 a very minute insect, so small us to be scarcely visible with the naked eye, 

 and it belongs to the same class that causes scab, itch, and other skin 

 diseases in animals. The eggs are supposed to be deposited in the buds, 

 and the young insects attack the bursting leaves in the spring. They 



