HOW SERIOUS IS IT? 



Losses vary from year to year and from species to species. A few hundred birds may die 

 one year at a specific location, with tens of thousands dying the following year at the same 

 site. More than a million deaths from avian botulism have been reported in localized out- 

 breaks in a single year. Outbreaks causing losses of 50,000 or more birds are fairly common. 



Initial Outbreaks of Type C Botulism in Wild Waterfowl 



Americas Europe Africa 



United States 1910 Denmark '1967 



Canada 1913 Great Britain 1969 



Uruguay 1921 Netherlands 1970 



Mexico 1976 East Germany 1971 



West Germany 1971 



A r A Italy 1973 



Australia- Asia . 1Qf7Q 



Spam 1973 



Union of South Africa 1956 

 Australia 1934 



New Zealand 1972 



Japan 1973 



