22 AGRICULTURE. 



III. Beef Cattle.* 



Short-horns. — The three family types are: Bates, Booth, and 

 Cruikshank. Bates, noted for style, fine heads, clean necks, 

 straight level backs, light bone, and combination of milk and 

 beefing qualities. Booths are especially excellent in girth, wide 

 backs, lengthy quarters, deep flesh, and beefing qualities, though 

 lacking in finish and style. Crtiikshanks, noted for scale ; low, 

 broad, deep forms, heavy flesh, and mossy coats. The short- 

 horn breed is specially noted for beef form, early maturity, and 

 thrift under a variety of conditions. Their weakness in con- 

 stitution and sterility is traceable to in-and-in breeding and 

 artificial treatment. Their chief utility is to give beef form, 

 quality, and rapid fattening tendencies to grades for stall feed- 

 ing. Some families possess unequalled combination of beefing 

 and milking qualities. 



Aberdeen Angus. — Characteristic color, black. Head, 

 hornless ; neck free from loose skin, exceptionally good 

 shoulder-vein ; shoulder oblique, fitting close to body ; ribs 

 deep, very circular ; hips moderately far apart, smoothly 

 curved ; rump long, level, smooth ; thighs muscular, twist low 

 and full, quarters long and rounded. Type : cylindrical, dis- 

 tinguished for smoothness, symmetry and quality ; bone light, 

 hide mellow, and coated with fine black hair. They are pre- 

 potent and prolific. Chief utility, production of beef of high 

 quality. 



Hereford. — Most popular color, dark claret or cherry, with 

 white face, belly, switch, and small strip of white on neck and 

 over shoulder. Type: low-set and broad; heavy in fore- 

 quarters, with low heads ; full, deep chest ; hanging dewlap, 

 level lack, wide thick loin, full quarters and thin thighs. 

 Worst deficiencies, looseness in build and rough, coarse bone. 

 They are strong-constitutioned, active rangers, prepotent and 

 long-lived. Being active, hardy, and good feeders they make 

 good grazing cattle, and on that account have been popular on 

 ranches. 



Galloway, — Color black, no white admissible, except on 



* For description of breeds of dairy cattle, see Part II, Dairying. 



