24 AGRICULTURE. 



III. Beef Cattle.* 



Short-7iorns. — The three family types are: Bates, Booth, and 

 Cruikshank. Bates, noted for style, fine heads, clean necks, 

 straight level backs, light bone, and combination of milk and 

 beefing qualities. Booi/is are especially excellent in girth, wicle 

 backs, lengthy quarters, deep flesh, and beefing qualities, though 

 lacking in finish and style. Cruikshanks, noted for scale ; low, 

 broad, deep forms, heavy flesh, and mossy coats. The short- 

 horn breed is specially noted for beef form, early maturity, and 

 thrift under a variety of conditions. Their weakness in con- 

 stitution and sterility is traceable to in-and-in breeding and 

 artificial treatment. Their chief utility is to give beef form, 

 quality, and rapid fattening tendencies to grades for stall feed- 

 ing. Some families possess unequalled combination of beefing 

 and milking qualities. 



Aberdeen Angus. — Characteristic color, black. Head, 

 hornless ; neck free from loose skin, exceptionally good 

 shoulder-vein ; shoulder oblique, fitting close to body ; ribs 

 deep, very circular ; hips moderately far apart, smoothly 

 curved ; rump long, level, smooth ; thighs muscular, twist low 

 and full, quarters long and rounded. Type : cylindrical, dis- 

 tinguished for smoothness, symmetry and quality ; bone light, 

 hide mellow, and coated with fine black hair. They are pre- 

 potent and prolific. Chief utility, production of beef of high 

 quality. 



Hereford. — Most popular color, dark claret or cherry, with 

 white face, belly, switch, and small strip of white on neck and 

 over shoulder. Type: low-set and broad; heavy in fore- 

 quarters, with low heads ; full, deep chest ; hanging dewlap, 

 level lack, wide thick loin, full quarters and thin thighs. 

 Worst deficiencies, looseness in build and rough, coarse bone. 

 They are strong-constitutioned, active rangers, prepotent and 

 long-lived. Being active, hardy, and good feeders they make 

 good grazing cattle, and on that account have been popular on 

 ranches. 



Galloway. — Color black, no white admissible, except on 



* For description of breeds of dairy cattle, see Part II, Dairying. 



