188 



AGRICULTURE. 



EFFECTS OF SURFACE ON TRACTIVE FORCE. 



(Various Authorities, compiled by Herring.) 



Description of Road. 



Loose sand 



Loose gravel (deep) 



Loose gravel (4 inches) . 

 Common gravel road . . . 



Good gravel 



Hard-rolled gravel 



Ordinary dirt road 



Hard clay 



Hard, dry dirt road 



Macadam, little used. . . 



Macadam, bad 



Macadam, poor 



Macadam, common 



Good macadam, wet 



Best French macadam.. 



Tractive 



Force, 



Lbs. 



448 

 320 

 222 



147 

 88 



75 

 224 

 112 



89 

 140 to 97 

 160 

 112 



64 

 75 to 42 



45 



Description of Road. 



Very hard and smooth 



macadam 



Best macadam 



Cobblestone, ordinary ... 



Cobblestone, good 



Belgian block 



Belgian block in Paris . . , 



Belgian block, good 



Stone block, ordinary 



Stone block, good 



Stone block, London 



Asphalt 



Granite tramway 



Iron railway 



Tractive 

 Force, 

 Lbs. 



46 

 5-2 to 32 

 140 



75 

 56 to 26 

 54 to 34 



34i 



90 



45 



36 



17 

 12J to 13J 

 8 to iij 



The velocity is in all cases taken at 3 miles per hour. 



COST OF HAULING FARM PRODUCE IN THE 

 UNITED STATES. 



Eastern States 



Northern States. 



Middle-Southern States 



Cotton States 



Prairie States 



Pacitic Coast and Mountain States 



Averages for the United States 



to 



> o 



< 



Miles. 



5-9 

 6.9 

 8.8* 



12.6 

 8.8 



23-3 



be. • 

 V o u 



y 



rt- 



< 



Lbs. 



2216 



1397 

 2409 

 2197 



2003 



o. u 

 en xi 



V 



^ o 



Cents. 

 32 

 27 



31 

 25 

 22 

 22 



u OT" 



^ ^ o 



CA U -, 



O o-S 



— C c 



a o V 



S1.S9 

 1.86 

 2.7a 



3-05 

 1.94 



5-12 



S3. 02 



* Middle States. 



The total weight of farm products in 1895 was estimated 

 at 219,824,227 tons ; if the forest products hauled over the 

 public roads be added to this, we get 313,349,227 tons, 

 which at 83.02 per ton, makes a total for the annual cost of 



