Specific Pests 157 



may be kept nearly or entirely free, the spreading from other 

 infested trees being slow. 



3. Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera — Scaly wings). 

 In these two orders it is only the larva or caterpillar 

 which feeds on leaves, fruits, and softer tissues. The 

 bodily distinction of butterflies and moths lies in the feelers 

 or antennae, the butterflies having, with few exceptions, feelers 

 terminating in a distinct club at the tip, which is absent in 

 the moths. When sitting, the latter hold their wings usually 

 spread out flat, the former more or less folded together; 

 moths are night-fliers, butterflies are, as a general rule, on 

 the wing only during the day. The caterpillars distinguish 

 themselves from the grubs by their greater motility, having 

 better developed legs, three pairs in front and generally 

 two to five pairs at the other end; those living in the open 

 are generally colored, and either hairy or beset with bristles 

 or warts, those living inside their host plant or in the ground 

 remaining colorless and naked. The moth caterpillars are 

 mostly without hairs and have sixteen feet, and what is 

 important as far as damage is concerned, do not, as a rule, 

 live gregariously. 



The more than three thousand species are grouped in 

 different ways from different points of view. For our 

 more practical purposes we may group them into the large 

 and the small butterflies and moths, the former feeding 

 exposed on or among the leaves, the latter concealed in the 

 buds or in folded or rolled leaves. Of the large butterflies 

 and moths there are three groups, which contain important 

 injurious species, namely, the sphinxes, the spinners and 

 the inch-worms, while among the small caterpillars two 

 groups are notable depredators, namely, the leaf-rollers 

 and the leaf-miners. 



Sphinxes or Hawk-moths are large butterflies with narrow, 



