Cedars and Cypresses 215 



soils, and are very light-needing; spruces, being shallow- 

 rooted, and able to endure only medium shade, require moist, 

 not too light soils, and cool situations; firs, being most toler- 

 ant of shade, must ha\'e deep and well-watered soil, and can 

 endure a compact one. The last two mentioned groups, 

 being mostly of alpine or mountainous range, must as a 

 rule have specially satisfactory soil conditions (depth and 

 moisture), in order to stand our drouthy atmosphere. But 

 few are adapted to sea-coast condition, or can endure city 

 smoke. 



Many species are remarkably immune from diseases if 

 placed in proper soils; poorly drained soils, however, being 

 apt to give rise to physiological and fungus diseases. Only 

 in forests, where large numbers of the same species invite 

 multiplication of insects, is there much trouble to be antic- 

 ipated from these pests. In their youth some of the species 

 are liable to be damaged by, or to succumb to, frosts and 

 drouth and since they rely on two to ten years' foliage, which 

 must be replaced, if lost, the recuperation of injured parts 

 is often difficult and slow, 



CEDARS AND CYPRESSES 



Under these names, which have been promiscuously applied to mem- 

 bers of this group, we can combine several genera of trees which are 

 botanically allied and have also much in common as regards aspect, 

 form, and behavior. They are characterized by an upright habit of 

 branches, a shingle-like arrangement of small, scale-like leaves (except- 

 ing Cedrus, Taxodium, and Sequoia), and often by a close stringy bark. 

 Having mostly a full supply of foliage, at least when young, they are 

 effective in large plantings as accent trees, also in formal plantings as 

 individual specimens. 



They are represented in nine genera, namely, Cedrus, Cupressus, 

 Chamacyparis (including Retinispora), Lihocedrus, Juniperus, Thuja 

 (including Biota), Thuyopsis, Sequoia, Taxodium. Most of them, 

 especially Chamcecyparis, Juniperus and Thuja, have characteristic 



