Buckthorn 313 



lobed than any of our oaks, except Chestnut Oak. A large number of 

 nurserymen's varieties, cut-leaved {fiUcifolia 304a), purple-leaved {pur- 

 pitrescens and atropnrpurea, 3046), weeping {pendula, 304c), fastigiate 

 (fastigiaia, 3046/), and many others increase the variety of this much 

 variegated genus. 



Q. Cerris Linn. (305), Turkey Oak, a large tree from southern Europe 

 and .\sia, with short spreading branches, forming a broad pyramidal 

 crown, has a handsome dark green, deeply-lobed, curled, almost pin- 

 natifid foliage. It has the longest leaf period (green till Christmas). 

 It is probably not hardy far beyond New York. 



Q. confcrta Kit. (306) {Pannonica), a pretty oak from Hungary and 

 Italy, but hardy in Massachusetts, with handsome, very long (four to 

 seven inch) foliage, dark green above, whitish beneath, and as deeply 

 cut as the former, is a very distinct form. 



BUCKTHORN 



Rhamnus. A genus of some sixty species, mostly native of the tem- 

 perate zone, mostly shrubs, but sometimes growing into small trees, 

 contains a number of ornamental value for their pretty, although mostly 

 simple, oval foliage. They are more rarely employed than they might 

 be in shrubberies and as single specimens for which their shapely form 

 fits them, their usually black berry fruit adding to their interest. Most 

 of them, except the evergreen ones, are hardy, several of them succeed- 

 ing even in the Canadian Northwest. They are not choice as to soil, 

 but most of them prefer a moist one, are easily grown, bear shade well, 

 and can be used as hedges. Of the five native ones three often grow 

 into trees; two from the Pacific Coast, the other is of eastern range. 



R. Purshiana D. C. (307), ranging from British Columbia to Mexico 

 and from Montana to Texas, is a tree of medium height, from the bark 

 of which the well-known Cascara sagrada is derived. If collected from 

 its northeastern range it is hardy in the East, and with its dark green, 

 elliptic foliage with wavy margin, and its red fruit turning black, quite a 

 pretty ornament. 



R. Caroliniana Walt. (308), Indian Cherry, of eastern distribution, is 

 quite similar, with a lustrous dark foliage on shorter leaf-stalks, hence 

 somewhat stiffer. 



R. alnifolia L'Herit (305), Alder-leaf Buckthorn, is a low shrub (four 

 feet) ranging across the continent through Canada and northern United 



