242 



FIRST BOOK OF FORESTKY 



a. Spruces. Leaves stiff, mostly four-sided, and pointed ; 



the bark scales are never bright red ; the wood is 



white (Fig. 90, A), 

 h. Hemlocks. Leaves are soft, flat, and short, usually 



two-ranked so that the sprig appears flat ; the bark 



scales when broken off appear red ; tlie wood has 

 • a reddish cast (Fig. 90, D). 





Fig. 90. Conifers with Leaves not in Bundles 



A, spruce: leaves stiff and pointed, cones hang down; C, red fir: leaves soft, 

 cones hang down, bracts protrude like little tongues; D, hemlock: leaves 

 .short and soft, cones small, bracts do not protrude; B, balsam: cones erect, 

 fall apart after ripening, so that no old cones are found on or under the tree. 

 (A and Z> after Bureau of Forestry ; B and ( ' after Beissnei') 



