THE PRACTICAL COUNTRY GENTLEMAN 



mer, with a minimum amount of attention. 

 The principle of the ram is very simple. The 

 machine is placed at a point where a fall of 

 water may be obtained for power, as, for in- 

 stance, on the bank of a stream, lake, pond, or 

 near a spring. In operation the water enters 

 the drive pipe from the source of supply and 

 flows toward the ram, where it is allowed to 

 escape through the open working-valve. The 

 velocity of water in the pipe rapidly increases, 

 and when it reaches a certain velocity the work- 

 ing-valve is suddenly closed by the force of the 

 water. The water, being prevented from go- 

 ing through the working-valve, enters the air 

 chamber through the delivery valve where the 

 pressure of air ultimately forces water from the 

 ram through the delivery pipe. The difference 

 in level between the water and the ram forms 

 the powerhead; and the difference in level be- 

 tween the ram and the tank Into which water 

 is pumped forms the pumplng-head. There arc 

 single-acting rams which deliver water that 

 drives them, and there are double-acting rams 

 that deliver pure spring water which is not 

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