FOREST TREES. 227 



budding and grafting. All the species produce a large number 

 of tough, fibrous roots, not at all difficult to make grow when 

 transplanted, 



limns alata, Michx. — Winged Elm, Small-leaved Elm, Wha- 

 hoo. — Leaves ovate-oblong, one inch to an inch and a half 

 long, sharply serrate, acute, commonly rounded at the base, 

 rough above and downy beneath. Flowers clustered on slender 

 stalks. Fruit oval and downy on the margins. A small tree, 

 thirty to forty feet high, with corky branches and hard, com- 

 pact wood, very difficult to split, and for this reason extensively 

 employed for the hubs of wagon and carriage wheels. In Vir- 

 ginia, Kentucky, and southward, also west of the Mississippi, 

 in Nebraska, and south to Texas. 



r. Americana, Willd. — American Elm. — Small branches and 

 twigs smooth. Leaves three to four inches long, thin, obovate- 

 oblong or oval, abruptly pointed, sharf>ly serrate, rather soft 

 and velvety beneath. Flowers in close clusters or bundles. 

 Frait smooth, except on the margins. A well known, very 

 large and common tree, with a wide spreading head and long, 

 slender, drooping branches. Wood brown, very tough in young 

 trees,, hght and moderately strong in the old, always difficult 

 to split, extensively used in the manufacture of hubs, small 

 trees being used for this purpose. The wood of large trees used 

 for planks, chair seats, and various other purposes where it is 

 not exposed to the weather. Common in moist soils through- 

 out the United States and Canada, east of the Rocky Moun- 

 tains. 



F. crassifolia, Nutt. — Small-leaved Elm, Opaque-leaved Elm. — 

 Leaves small, only about an inch long, oblong-oval, rough, 

 serrate. Fruit small, oval or elliptic, rather deeply divided or 

 toothed at the summit. Young branches smooth, thickly 

 studded with leaves. A curious and handsome little tree in 

 Southwestern Arkansas to Southern Texas. Figured and de- 

 scribed in Nuttall's North American Sylva, Vol. 4, under the 

 name of U. opaca. 



V. fnlva, Michx. — Slippery Elm, Red Elm. — Buds in sirring 

 soft and downy, with large rusty hairs, branches also some- 

 what downy. Leaves thick, ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, 

 doubly serrate, very rough above, velvety beneath, often six to 

 eight inches long. Inner bark veiy mucilaginous, and exten- 

 sively employed as a medicine. A medium sized tree, with red- 



