FARM IMPLEMENTS AND BUILDINGS. 67 



all the light possible, not only into our cattle stables, 

 but into our dwelling houses. The floor of the base- 

 ment should be above the barn yard, the walls ten 

 feet high, with windows on all sides, so that the 

 stables will be nearly as light as it is out-of-doors. 



Ventilation is all important. By properly ar- importance of 

 ranged ventilation the impure air is removed and 

 replaced by pure. This constant change of air in 

 the stables is absolutely necessary to preserve the 

 health of the animals. Many systems have been 

 tested during the past few years, but so far none 

 appear to be perfect in every detail. Perhaps the 

 nearest approach to a satisfactory automatic ventila- 

 tion is the stand-up pipe, with a cowl on top to face 

 the wind, which conducts the fresh air down and 

 into underground pipes leading into the stable. 

 The distributing openings may be near the ceiling. 

 As fresh air is charged with oxygen, it is consequently 

 much heavier than the impure air that has been 

 breathed by the animals, and will fall to where it 

 is required, while the impure air, being lighter than 

 the incoming fresh air, rises upwards through flues 

 which open into the stable at the ceiling, and run up 

 by a post through the roof. The portion above the 

 roof may be a round galvanized pipe, twelve inches 

 in diameter, with a flange around the top, and a 

 dome one foot above to cause a suction. The ob- 

 jection to this system is the cost. A second system 

 is to have the cowl on the barn {see Elevation 2g) 

 and the pipe leading down to the ceiling of the 

 stable. About twelve inches below the ceiling hang 

 a platform made of inch boards about five feet 

 square, for the down draft to strike on and be dis- 

 tributed. This system gives abundance of fresh 

 air, but is not of so even a temperature as if it first 

 passed through underground drain pipes. A third 



